| 1986 Publications |
| 1 | 1986 | MWAURA F.B. & U. GRANHALL(1986). Nitrogen Fixation (C2H2 Reduction) Associated With Maize (Zea Mays L.) In A Swedish Soil. Swedish J. Agric. Res. 16:49-59
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Clematis brachiata Thunberg (Ranunculaceae) is used in Kenya for the management of headaches, malaria and other febrile illnesses, abdominal disorders, yaws and for skin disorders. Old stems and leaves are chewed for the management of toothaches and sore throats.
Extracts of the plant were subjected to tests for antimalarial, antibacterial and antifungal activity. The toxicity of the extracts was assessed using the brine shrimp lethality bioassay.
The root extract gave the highest in vitro antimalarial activity against a mulitidrug resistant strain, Plasmodium falciparum VI/S (IC50=39.24 mg/ml). The stem and leaf extracts had insignificant antiplasmodial activity. The leaf, stem and root extracts had bacterial or fungal growth even at very high concentrations of 10 mg/ml. The LD50 values of the stem and leaf methanol extracts against the brine shrimp larvae was 365.60 and 66.5 mg/ml respectively.
The in vitro anti malarial activity of the root extract in part supports the ethnobotanical use of the plant to manage malaria.
KEY WORDS
Clematis, Ranunculaceae, antimalarial, brine shrimp, antimicrobial |
| 2 | 1986 | MWAURA F.B.(1986). Response Of Maize (Zea Mays L.) To Straw Amendment And Inoculation With N2
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Clematis brachiata Thunberg (Ranunculaceae) is used in Kenya for the management of headaches, malaria and other febrile illnesses, abdominal disorders, yaws and for skin disorders. Old stems and leaves are chewed for the management of toothaches and sore throats.
Extracts of the plant were subjected to tests for antimalarial, antibacterial and antifungal activity. The toxicity of the extracts was assessed using the brine shrimp lethality bioassay.
The root extract gave the highest in vitro antimalarial activity against a mulitidrug resistant strain, Plasmodium falciparum VI/S (IC50=39.24 mg/ml). The stem and leaf extracts had insignificant antiplasmodial activity. The leaf, stem and root extracts had bacterial or fungal growth even at very high concentrations of 10 mg/ml. The LD50 values of the stem and leaf methanol extracts against the brine shrimp larvae was 365.60 and 66.5 mg/ml respectively.
The in vitro anti malarial activity of the root extract in part supports the ethnobotanical use of the plant to manage malaria.
KEY WORDS
Clematis, Ranunculaceae, antimalarial, brine shrimp, antimicrobial |
| 3 | 1986 | D.E Kapule 1986 Physio-geographical Characteristics Of Baringo District. Republic Of Kenya. Baringo District Socio-Cultural Profiles. Publication Of The Joint Research Carried Out By The Ministry Of Planning And The Institute Of African Studies University
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PMID: 614126 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
| 4 | 1986 | D.E Kapule And J.G. Wandera, 1986. Crop Production In Samburu District. Republic Of Kenya. Samburu District Socio-Cultural Profiles
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PMID: 614126 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
| 5 | 1986 | D.E. Kapule And J.G. Wandera, 1986, Livestock Production In Samburu District. Republic Of Kenya. Samburu District Socio-Cultural Profiles.
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PMID: 614126 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
| 6 | 1986 | D.E. Kapule 1986 Physico-geographical Characteristics Of Samburu District Republic Of Kenya. Samburu District Of Kenya. Samburu District Socio-cultural Profiles.
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PMID: 614126 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
| 7 | 1986 | Physico-geopgraphical Characteristics Of South Nyanza District. Republic Of Kenya. South Nyanza District Socio-Cultural Profiles.
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PMID: 614126 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
| 8 | 1986 | Characteristics Of Relief In Connection With The Study Of Engonenic Ore Deposits International Geomorphology.
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PMID: 614126 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
| 9 | 1986 | A Study Of The Suggested Needs Of Learners In The 8th And 9th Year Of Primary Education In Kenya. Kenya Educational Research Awards (KERA) Research Report Number 1.1., Bureau Of Educational Research, Kenyatta University, 1986. Monograph Publication. Pp. 6
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| 10 | 1986 | Kere, P. A., W. M. Mwangi And C. Ackello-Ogutu (1986). The Supply Responsiveness Of Wheat Farmers In Kenya. Eastern Africa Economic Review Vol.2 No.2.
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| 11 | 1986 | Kanja L, Skare JU, Nafstad I, Maitai CK, Lokken P. Organochlorine Pesticides In Human Milk From Different Areas Of Kenya 1983-1985. J Toxicol Environ Health.1986;19(4):449-64.
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Residue levels of the chlorinated hydrocarbons p,p'-DDT (2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane), p,p'-DDE (2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethane), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), alpha-, beta-, and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), aldrin, dieldrin, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in human milk of Kenyan mothers living in different areas of Kenya. The main organochlorine contaminants found in all the milk samples analyzed were p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE. Great regional differences were found, and mean levels of sum DDT and DDT/DDE ratio ranged from 1.1 to 18.7 mg/kg milk fat and from 0.7 to 5.7, respectively. In general, relatively low residue levels of HCB, alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, aldrin, and dieldrin were detected in 59, 37, 27, 37, and 19%, respectively, of all the milk samples analyzed. Quantifiable residue levels of PCBs and alpha-HCH were not found. The results were examined in relation to differences in living conditions with regard to agricultural activities, dietary habits, and reported use of pesticides in the various sampling areas.
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| 12 | 1986 | Kahunyo J.M., Maitai C.K., Froslie A. Organochlorine Pesticide Residues In Chicken Fat: A Survey. Poult Sci. 1986 Jun;65(6):1084-9.
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Residue levels of the chlorinated hydrocarbons p,p'-DDT (2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane), p,p'-DDE (2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethane), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), alpha-, beta-, and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), aldrin, dieldrin, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in human milk of Kenyan mothers living in different areas of Kenya. The main organochlorine contaminants found in all the milk samples analyzed were p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE. Great regional differences were found, and mean levels of sum DDT and DDT/DDE ratio ranged from 1.1 to 18.7 mg/kg milk fat and from 0.7 to 5.7, respectively. In general, relatively low residue levels of HCB, alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, aldrin, and dieldrin were detected in 59, 37, 27, 37, and 19%, respectively, of all the milk samples analyzed. Quantifiable residue levels of PCBs and alpha-HCH were not found. The results were examined in relation to differences in living conditions with regard to agricultural activities, dietary habits, and reported use of pesticides in the various sampling areas.
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| 13 | 1986 | Macoco, DK., 1986: The International Cooperation In Geodesy
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Open wound healing following dehorning using a wire saw was observed in 25 cattle aged between 1 and 5 years. Initially, there was a marked thickening of the scab over the wound as a ridge near the skin margin. A pale yellow to pink membrane then developed from the sides of the frontal sinus opening. Granulation tissue formed to fill the frontal sinus opening before healing by epithelization, followed by wound contraction. In some animals a bony horn stump projecting about 2-3 mm above the wound surface appeared which underwent osteosis; the dead bone gradually loosened and fell off during the healing process; histological sections revealed the presence of numerous osteoclasts lining the bone spicules. The presence of the frontal sinus and the stump of the horn processes left after dehorning are factors that make the healing of an open dehorning wound unique compared with other wounds |
| 14 | 1986 | Macoco, DK., 1986: Surveying Large Ranches In Kenya Using Doppler Satellite Techniques
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Open wound healing following dehorning using a wire saw was observed in 25 cattle aged between 1 and 5 years. Initially, there was a marked thickening of the scab over the wound as a ridge near the skin margin. A pale yellow to pink membrane then developed from the sides of the frontal sinus opening. Granulation tissue formed to fill the frontal sinus opening before healing by epithelization, followed by wound contraction. In some animals a bony horn stump projecting about 2-3 mm above the wound surface appeared which underwent osteosis; the dead bone gradually loosened and fell off during the healing process; histological sections revealed the presence of numerous osteoclasts lining the bone spicules. The presence of the frontal sinus and the stump of the horn processes left after dehorning are factors that make the healing of an open dehorning wound unique compared with other wounds |
| 15 | 1986 | Macoco, DK., 1986: Technical Report On The Fourth International Geodetic Symposium On Satellite Positioning, Austin, Texas
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Open wound healing following dehorning using a wire saw was observed in 25 cattle aged between 1 and 5 years. Initially, there was a marked thickening of the scab over the wound as a ridge near the skin margin. A pale yellow to pink membrane then developed from the sides of the frontal sinus opening. Granulation tissue formed to fill the frontal sinus opening before healing by epithelization, followed by wound contraction. In some animals a bony horn stump projecting about 2-3 mm above the wound surface appeared which underwent osteosis; the dead bone gradually loosened and fell off during the healing process; histological sections revealed the presence of numerous osteoclasts lining the bone spicules. The presence of the frontal sinus and the stump of the horn processes left after dehorning are factors that make the healing of an open dehorning wound unique compared with other wounds |
| 16 | 1986 | Kibe, M.K. And Smith, G.R. (1986). Enhancement And Inhibition Of The Growth Of F38 And Related Mycoplasmas By Bacterial Products. British Veterinary Journal, 142: 389-390.
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Bacteriophage clones containing ribosomal RNA genes of Theileria parva were isolated from genomic DNA libraries. Physical mapping studies revealed 2 ribosomal DNA units, which were distinguishable by restriction enzyme site polymorphisms in flanking sequences. The cloned ribosomal DNA units were mapped to 2 separate T. parva chromosomes. Analysis of sequences contained in lambda EMBL3 recombinants, together with Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA and data on the copy number of the rRNA genes, suggested that the rDNA units were not tandemly repeated. This organisation of ribosomal transcription units is similar to that described for other genera of apicomplexan protozoa, but 2 rDNA units, each containing single copies of the rRNA coding genes, would be the lowest copy number described for any eukaryote in which amplification of rRNA genes is not known to occur. EcoRI restriction fragment length polymorphisms, which were revealed using rRNA gene probes, separated T. parva stocks into 2 categories. Nucleotide sequence analysis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified internal transcribed spacer DNA revealed 2 different ITS sequences derived from rDNA transcription units within the genome of a cloned T. parva parasite. Polymorphism was also observed between ITS sequences amplified from the DNA of different T. parva stocks. A synthetic oligonucleotide derived from T. parva Uganda ribosomal ITS DNA sequences hybridised to DNA from the T. parva Uganda stock, but not to the DNA of the T. parva Muguga stock. This oligonucleotide is potentially useful as a marker for the T. parva Uganda stock. |
| 17 | 1986 | "The Prospects Of Cooperation Among Developing Countries In Legal Aspects Of Control Of Transboundary Air Pollution" In Transboundary Air Pollution: International Legal Aspects Of Cooperation Of States C. Flintern, B. Kwaitkoska And J.G. Lammers, Eds. (Ni
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| 18 | 1986 | "Development And The Environment In The Western Indian Ocean" Presented At The First Workshop Of The Issue-Based Indian Ocean Network, Mahatma Gandhi Institute, Mauritius, 9-12 September 1985, Published As IDS/WP No. 436 April 1986 (University Of Nairobi,
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| 19 | 1986 | "Waste On Land-Pollution At Sea: Priorities For Action In The East African Region" In The Siren: Journal Of The UNEP Regional Seas Programme No. 30 February 1986 Pp. 22-26.
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| 20 | 1986 | "Controlling Marine Pollution" In Wajibu, A Journal Of Social And Religious Concerns. (Nairobi) Vol. 1. No. 5 (November-December 1986, Pp. 10-13).
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| 21 | 1986 | Kenya Co-author Of Materials On
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Human Capital Externality and Returns to Education in Kenya |
| 22 | 1986 | Ntiba, M.J. The Biology Of The Kenya Reef Fish Of The Genus Siganus. M.Sc. Thesis
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Macrophytes have been shown to perform important ecological roles in Lake Naivasha. Consequently, various studies regarding the impact of biotic factors on the macrophytes have been advanced but related studies on environmental parameters have lagged behind. In an attempt to address this gap, sampling on floating species and submergents was carried out in eight sampling sites in 2003 to investigate how they were influenced by a set of environmental factors. Soil texture (sandy sediments; P < 0.05, regression coefficient = - 0.749) and wind were the most important environmental parameters influencing the distribution and abundance of floating macrophytes. Combination of soil texture and lake-bed slope explained the most (86.3%) variation encountered in the submergents. Continuous translocation of the floating dominant water hyacinth to the western parts by wind has led to displacement of the submergents from those areas. In view of these findings, the maintenance and preservation of the steep Crescent Lake basin whose substratum is dominated by sand thus hosting most submergents remain important, if the whole functional purpose of the macrophytes is to be sustained. |
| 23 | 1986 | .
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Macrophytes have been shown to perform important ecological roles in Lake Naivasha. Consequently, various studies regarding the impact of biotic factors on the macrophytes have been advanced but related studies on environmental parameters have lagged behind. In an attempt to address this gap, sampling on floating species and submergents was carried out in eight sampling sites in 2003 to investigate how they were influenced by a set of environmental factors. Soil texture (sandy sediments; P < 0.05, regression coefficient = - 0.749) and wind were the most important environmental parameters influencing the distribution and abundance of floating macrophytes. Combination of soil texture and lake-bed slope explained the most (86.3%) variation encountered in the submergents. Continuous translocation of the floating dominant water hyacinth to the western parts by wind has led to displacement of the submergents from those areas. In view of these findings, the maintenance and preservation of the steep Crescent Lake basin whose substratum is dominated by sand thus hosting most submergents remain important, if the whole functional purpose of the macrophytes is to be sustained. |
| 24 | 1986 | Uhakiki Wa Malenga Wa Mvita (Literary Criticism)
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Macrophytes have been shown to perform important ecological roles in Lake Naivasha. Consequently, various studies regarding the impact of biotic factors on the macrophytes have been advanced but related studies on environmental parameters have lagged behind. In an attempt to address this gap, sampling on floating species and submergents was carried out in eight sampling sites in 2003 to investigate how they were influenced by a set of environmental factors. Soil texture (sandy sediments; P < 0.05, regression coefficient = - 0.749) and wind were the most important environmental parameters influencing the distribution and abundance of floating macrophytes. Combination of soil texture and lake-bed slope explained the most (86.3%) variation encountered in the submergents. Continuous translocation of the floating dominant water hyacinth to the western parts by wind has led to displacement of the submergents from those areas. In view of these findings, the maintenance and preservation of the steep Crescent Lake basin whose substratum is dominated by sand thus hosting most submergents remain important, if the whole functional purpose of the macrophytes is to be sustained. |
| 25 | 1986 | MAThesis Title: A Study Of Knowledge, Attitudes And Practices Relating To Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala- Azar) In Tseikuru Location, Kitui District, Kenya.
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The book is a biography of the author. He begins with fundamenbtal question whether we can determine our destiny or we are just fulfiling what has already been ordained. He then explains how he has grown over the yeas experiencing changes. |
| 26 | 1986 | Social Indicators And Integrated Developemnt Planning: The Case Of Kenya.
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JASPA Working Paper, ILO, Addis Ababa |
| 27 | 1986 | Cultural Factors And Development: The Case Of Kenya.
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JASPA Working Paper, ILO, Addis Ababa |
| 28 | 1986 | Small Scale Rice Irrigation Projects In Kenya.
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JASPA Working Paper, ILO, Addis Ababa |
| 29 | 1986 | Kenya's Trade Policy.
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JASPA Working Paper, ILO, Addis Ababa |
| 30 | 1986 | State Policy On Culture And Economic Developemnt.
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JASPA Working Paper, ILO, Addis Ababa |
| 31 | 1986 | Parastatal Enterprises In Africa At Crossroards.
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JASPA Working Paper, ILO, Addis Ababa |
| 32 | 1986 | Thematic Geological Map Of The Lake Basin Area. In Natural Resources Atlas For Lake Basin Development Authority (LBDA).
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Nyambok, I.O. |
| 33 | 1986 | Effects Of Clay Minerals On The Stabilization Of Black Cotton And Lateritic Soils.
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Nyambok, I.O. |
| 34 | 1986 | P. W. N. KANYARI, W. K. MUNYUA, A. J. WILSON (1986). "Goat Trypanosomiasis:Trypanotolerance And Epidemiology Among Goat Breeds In Kenya." Bulletin Of Animal Health And Production In Africa. 34: 93 - 97.
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Eimeria christenseni and Eimeria arloingi were used separately to infect one month-old goat kids which were then killed 34 days post-infection. Their small intestines contained small nodular lesions made of several endogenous stages mainly macrogametocytes and macrogametes. Electron microscope studies of macrogametocytes revealed a prominent central nucleus and nucleolus. Other cellular components were mitochondria, wall forming bodies(WFB) type 1( homogenous) and type 2(reticular). Polysaccharide granules of E.christenseni had a chain like arrangement in the young cells, and increased dramatically with maturation of the macrogemetes to become the main cytoplasmic component along with the WFB. Type 1 WFB were peripheral while type 2 were more central but in E.christeseni macrogametes, some type 2 WFB appeared to give rise to membranous vesicles at the areas of wall formation.. The macrogamete nucleus was small and usually indented with polysaccharide granules and reticular bodies, named nuclear derived bodies(NBD), arising from the perinuclear regions. Within the periparasitic areas of both species, membranous/dark bodies were seen. E. arloingi had a large and well defined parasitophorous vacuole(PV), within which an inner lighter, and outer layer with dark granules were found. Both species had some poorly developed intravacuolar tubes(IVT), which occurred at certain points in the case of E.arloingi, while in E.christenseni, they had a diffuse distribution |
| 35 | 1986 | P.W.N. KANYARI (1986). " Ultrastructural Studies Of Eimeria Apsheronica In Goats". Sixth International
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Eimeria christenseni and Eimeria arloingi were used separately to infect one month-old goat kids which were then killed 34 days post-infection. Their small intestines contained small nodular lesions made of several endogenous stages mainly macrogametocytes and macrogametes. Electron microscope studies of macrogametocytes revealed a prominent central nucleus and nucleolus. Other cellular components were mitochondria, wall forming bodies(WFB) type 1( homogenous) and type 2(reticular). Polysaccharide granules of E.christenseni had a chain like arrangement in the young cells, and increased dramatically with maturation of the macrogemetes to become the main cytoplasmic component along with the WFB. Type 1 WFB were peripheral while type 2 were more central but in E.christeseni macrogametes, some type 2 WFB appeared to give rise to membranous vesicles at the areas of wall formation.. The macrogamete nucleus was small and usually indented with polysaccharide granules and reticular bodies, named nuclear derived bodies(NBD), arising from the perinuclear regions. Within the periparasitic areas of both species, membranous/dark bodies were seen. E. arloingi had a large and well defined parasitophorous vacuole(PV), within which an inner lighter, and outer layer with dark granules were found. Both species had some poorly developed intravacuolar tubes(IVT), which occurred at certain points in the case of E.arloingi, while in E.christenseni, they had a diffuse distribution |
| 36 | 1986 | Mwangi, Anna P., In-service Course For Untrained Teachers: English, Unit 1 Grammar,Part One, School Of Distance Studies, University Of Nairobi And Ministry Of Education,Science And Technology, 81 Pgs
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| 37 | 1986 | Mwangi, Anna P., In-service Course For Untrained Teachers: English, Unit 1 Grammar,Part Two, School Of Distance Studies, University Of Nairobi And Ministry Of EducationScience And Technology, 68 Pgs
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| 38 | 1986 | Reaching The People. A Guide For Field Educators
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Macrophytes have been shown to perform important ecological roles in Lake Naivasha. Consequently, various studies regarding the impact of biotic factors on the macrophytes have been advanced but related studies on environmental parameters have lagged behind. In an attempt to address this gap, sampling on floating species and submergents was carried out in eight sampling sites in 2003 to investigate how they were influenced by a set of environmental factors. Soil texture (sandy sediments; P < 0.05, regression coefficient = - 0.749) and wind were the most important environmental parameters influencing the distribution and abundance of floating macrophytes. Combination of soil texture and lake-bed slope explained the most (86.3%) variation encountered in the submergents. Continuous translocation of the floating dominant water hyacinth to the western parts by wind has led to displacement of the submergents from those areas. In view of these findings, the maintenance and preservation of the steep Crescent Lake basin whose substratum is dominated by sand thus hosting most submergents remain important, if the whole functional purpose of the macrophytes is to be sustained. |
| 39 | 1986 | Reaching The Community: A Manual For Field Educators
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Macrophytes have been shown to perform important ecological roles in Lake Naivasha. Consequently, various studies regarding the impact of biotic factors on the macrophytes have been advanced but related studies on environmental parameters have lagged behind. In an attempt to address this gap, sampling on floating species and submergents was carried out in eight sampling sites in 2003 to investigate how they were influenced by a set of environmental factors. Soil texture (sandy sediments; P < 0.05, regression coefficient = - 0.749) and wind were the most important environmental parameters influencing the distribution and abundance of floating macrophytes. Combination of soil texture and lake-bed slope explained the most (86.3%) variation encountered in the submergents. Continuous translocation of the floating dominant water hyacinth to the western parts by wind has led to displacement of the submergents from those areas. In view of these findings, the maintenance and preservation of the steep Crescent Lake basin whose substratum is dominated by sand thus hosting most submergents remain important, if the whole functional purpose of the macrophytes is to be sustained. |
| 40 | 1986 | An Investigation Into Factors Contributing To Teaching Effectiveness Among Student Teachers: Towards A Prediction Model For Teaching Effectiveness Among Student Teachers.
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Kenya Literature Bureau, Nairobi, Kenya.
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| 41 | 1986 | Technical Training And Work Experience In Kenya: A National Tracer Study Of The Leavers Of Harambee Institutes Of Technology And Youth Polytechnics
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OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and pattern of conjuctival squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) in patients with HIV infection. DESIGN: A hospital based cross sectional study. SETTING: Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) and Kikuyu Eye Unit (KEU) during the period November 2003 and May 2004. SUBJECTS: Four hundred and nine HIV positive patients. RESULTS: Four hundred and nine HIV positive patients aged 25 to 53 years were screened. Male to Female ratio was 1:1. One hundred and three had conjunctival growths. Thirty two had histologically proven conjunctiva squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). Estimated prevalence of CSCC among HIV positive patients was 7.8%. The average duration of growth of the conjunctival masses was 21.8 months. The average size of the lesions at the time of presentation was 6.6 mm. Twenty two (68.8%) patients had primary CSCC, while ten (31.2%) had recurrent lesions. The pattern of the histopathology results was: fifteen (46.9%) patients had poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma; nine (28%) had moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma; five patients (15.6%) had CIN; two patients (6.3%) had dysplasia and one patient (3.1%) had a well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of CSCC in HIV/AIDS patients was 7.8%. Patients present late with advanced lesions. Recurrence rates from previous surgery are high. The often uncharacteristic complaints and findings on presentation complicate the clinical diagnosis. Active search for early manifestations of CSCC in HIV / AIDS patients, complete surgical excision and close follow up is necessary. Alternative treatment methods and techniques like the topical use of antimetabolites should be explored further. |
| 42 | 1986 | The Adult Literacy Programme: How Functional? A Case Study Of Metkei Location
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OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and pattern of conjuctival squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) in patients with HIV infection. DESIGN: A hospital based cross sectional study. SETTING: Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) and Kikuyu Eye Unit (KEU) during the period November 2003 and May 2004. SUBJECTS: Four hundred and nine HIV positive patients. RESULTS: Four hundred and nine HIV positive patients aged 25 to 53 years were screened. Male to Female ratio was 1:1. One hundred and three had conjunctival growths. Thirty two had histologically proven conjunctiva squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). Estimated prevalence of CSCC among HIV positive patients was 7.8%. The average duration of growth of the conjunctival masses was 21.8 months. The average size of the lesions at the time of presentation was 6.6 mm. Twenty two (68.8%) patients had primary CSCC, while ten (31.2%) had recurrent lesions. The pattern of the histopathology results was: fifteen (46.9%) patients had poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma; nine (28%) had moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma; five patients (15.6%) had CIN; two patients (6.3%) had dysplasia and one patient (3.1%) had a well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of CSCC in HIV/AIDS patients was 7.8%. Patients present late with advanced lesions. Recurrence rates from previous surgery are high. The often uncharacteristic complaints and findings on presentation complicate the clinical diagnosis. Active search for early manifestations of CSCC in HIV / AIDS patients, complete surgical excision and close follow up is necessary. Alternative treatment methods and techniques like the topical use of antimetabolites should be explored further. |
| 43 | 1986 | The Informal Apprenticeship Training And Skill Acquisition: A Case Study Of Informal Technical Training In Nairobi Kenya
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OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and pattern of conjuctival squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) in patients with HIV infection. DESIGN: A hospital based cross sectional study. SETTING: Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) and Kikuyu Eye Unit (KEU) during the period November 2003 and May 2004. SUBJECTS: Four hundred and nine HIV positive patients. RESULTS: Four hundred and nine HIV positive patients aged 25 to 53 years were screened. Male to Female ratio was 1:1. One hundred and three had conjunctival growths. Thirty two had histologically proven conjunctiva squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). Estimated prevalence of CSCC among HIV positive patients was 7.8%. The average duration of growth of the conjunctival masses was 21.8 months. The average size of the lesions at the time of presentation was 6.6 mm. Twenty two (68.8%) patients had primary CSCC, while ten (31.2%) had recurrent lesions. The pattern of the histopathology results was: fifteen (46.9%) patients had poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma; nine (28%) had moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma; five patients (15.6%) had CIN; two patients (6.3%) had dysplasia and one patient (3.1%) had a well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of CSCC in HIV/AIDS patients was 7.8%. Patients present late with advanced lesions. Recurrence rates from previous surgery are high. The often uncharacteristic complaints and findings on presentation complicate the clinical diagnosis. Active search for early manifestations of CSCC in HIV / AIDS patients, complete surgical excision and close follow up is necessary. Alternative treatment methods and techniques like the topical use of antimetabolites should be explored further. |
| 44 | 1986 | The Adult Literacy Programme: How Functional? A Case Study Of Metkei Location
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OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and pattern of conjuctival squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) in patients with HIV infection. DESIGN: A hospital based cross sectional study. SETTING: Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) and Kikuyu Eye Unit (KEU) during the period November 2003 and May 2004. SUBJECTS: Four hundred and nine HIV positive patients. RESULTS: Four hundred and nine HIV positive patients aged 25 to 53 years were screened. Male to Female ratio was 1:1. One hundred and three had conjunctival growths. Thirty two had histologically proven conjunctiva squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). Estimated prevalence of CSCC among HIV positive patients was 7.8%. The average duration of growth of the conjunctival masses was 21.8 months. The average size of the lesions at the time of presentation was 6.6 mm. Twenty two (68.8%) patients had primary CSCC, while ten (31.2%) had recurrent lesions. The pattern of the histopathology results was: fifteen (46.9%) patients had poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma; nine (28%) had moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma; five patients (15.6%) had CIN; two patients (6.3%) had dysplasia and one patient (3.1%) had a well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of CSCC in HIV/AIDS patients was 7.8%. Patients present late with advanced lesions. Recurrence rates from previous surgery are high. The often uncharacteristic complaints and findings on presentation complicate the clinical diagnosis. Active search for early manifestations of CSCC in HIV / AIDS patients, complete surgical excision and close follow up is necessary. Alternative treatment methods and techniques like the topical use of antimetabolites should be explored further. |
| 45 | 1986 | The Informal Apprenticeship Training And Skill Acquisition: A Case Study Of Informal Technical Training In Nairobi Kenya
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OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and pattern of conjuctival squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) in patients with HIV infection. DESIGN: A hospital based cross sectional study. SETTING: Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) and Kikuyu Eye Unit (KEU) during the period November 2003 and May 2004. SUBJECTS: Four hundred and nine HIV positive patients. RESULTS: Four hundred and nine HIV positive patients aged 25 to 53 years were screened. Male to Female ratio was 1:1. One hundred and three had conjunctival growths. Thirty two had histologically proven conjunctiva squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). Estimated prevalence of CSCC among HIV positive patients was 7.8%. The average duration of growth of the conjunctival masses was 21.8 months. The average size of the lesions at the time of presentation was 6.6 mm. Twenty two (68.8%) patients had primary CSCC, while ten (31.2%) had recurrent lesions. The pattern of the histopathology results was: fifteen (46.9%) patients had poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma; nine (28%) had moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma; five patients (15.6%) had CIN; two patients (6.3%) had dysplasia and one patient (3.1%) had a well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of CSCC in HIV/AIDS patients was 7.8%. Patients present late with advanced lesions. Recurrence rates from previous surgery are high. The often uncharacteristic complaints and findings on presentation complicate the clinical diagnosis. Active search for early manifestations of CSCC in HIV / AIDS patients, complete surgical excision and close follow up is necessary. Alternative treatment methods and techniques like the topical use of antimetabolites should be explored further. |
| 46 | 1986 | Locally Made Laundry Machine. A Technical Report, 1986
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v:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} 12.00 Normal 0 false false false EN-GB X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} Common nearly best linear estimates of location and scale parameters of normal and logistic distributions, which are based on complete samples, are considered. Here the population from which the samples are drawn is either normal or logistic population or a fusion of both distributions and the estimates are computed when it is not yet known which of the two populations (between the normal and logistic) is true. The problem discussed in this paper involves two possible population types in a given sample. Samples of sizes and are used to validate these estimates and a comparison of their variances is made with those of the best linear unbiased estimators (BLUEs) for normal and logistic distributions. |
| 47 | 1986 | Occurrence Of Simulium (Edwardsellum) Damnosu S.l. Diptera: Simuliidae In Nine River System In Kenya
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| 48 | 1986 | Charasterization Of Simulium (Edwardsellum) Damnosum S.l. Populations From Six River Systems In Kenya By Cellulose Acetate Eletate Electrophoresis.
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| 49 | 1986 | Composition Of Early Human Milk Of Kenyan Mothers Of Preterm And Term Infants. East Afr Med J . 1986 Nov; 63 ( 11 ): 693-8 . No Abstract Available. PMID: 3582225 [PubMed - Indexed For MEDLINE] Jitta JN, Musoke RN, Bwibo NO, Kioni J.
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No abstract available |
| 50 | 1986 | Low Birthweight. East Afr Med J . 1986 Feb; 63 ( 2 ): 89-90 . No Abstract Available. PMID: 3720609 [PubMed - Indexed For MEDLINE] Musoke RN.
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No abstract available. |
| 51 | 1986 | A. M. ADAM, D. O. Orinda: Focal Kinesigenic Choreoathetosis Preceding The Development Of Steele
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One hundred normal lateral skull radiographs were studied and those of ten patients with basilar impression attending Kenyatta Hospital, Nairobi. The mean shortest distance of the odontoid tip to McGregor's basal line was 1.2 +/- 2.28 mm below the basal line (range 6 mm below to 3 mm above basal line), in normals and 9 +/- 2.7 mm (6-14 mm) above basal line in patients. The mean basal angle was 113 degrees +/- 7 degrees (102 degrees-133 degrees) in normals and 122 degrees +/- 6 degrees (113 degrees-125 degrees) in patients. The mean nasion-basion-opisthion angle was 162 degrees +/- 4 degrees (154 degrees-169 degrees) in normals and 178 degrees +/- 5 degrees (173 degrees-185 degrees) in patients. The mean total length of clivus was 48 +/- 3.7 mm (43-56 mm) in normals and 44 +/- 6.6 (36-48 mm) in patients group. The mean median diameter of the foramen magnum was 39 +/- 5 mm (30-48 mm), atlas 21 +/- 3 mm (18-25 mm) axis 18 +/- 3 mm (14-23 mm), third cervical vertebra 16 +/- 2 mm (13-22 mm) in normals and in patients: 39 +/- 4 mm (36-45 mm), atlas 23 +/- 6 (15-30 mm) axis 19 +/- 4 mm (16-25 mm), third cervical vertebra 16 +/- 3 (14-20). There was a significant difference in the position of the odontoid tip and the nasion-basion-opisthion angle between the normal and patient groups. All the other parameters measured in this work did not differ significantly between the two groups.
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| 52 | 1986 | M. A.,Thesis Entitled "An Estimation Of Housing Needs: A Case Study Of Malindi Town In Kenya", 1986.
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This article reveals that the concept of education as a process of growth is a difficult one. Philosophers are, therefore, justified in being weary when pondering over its meaning, both in theory and practice. By way of conclusion, the article appreciates the complexities inherent in the growth theory of education, summarizing its major strength and weaknesses. Then it cautions educational planners and practitioners to be weary when, and if, they translate the theory into practice, so that they utilize the strengths inherent in the theory whilst paying attention to the dangers of its inherent weaknesses. |
| 53 | 1986 | "An Assessment Of The Social Needs Of Muslims In Kenya", A Research Consultancy Project For Saad Yahya And Associated, September, 1986
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This article reveals that the concept of education as a process of growth is a difficult one. Philosophers are, therefore, justified in being weary when pondering over its meaning, both in theory and practice. By way of conclusion, the article appreciates the complexities inherent in the growth theory of education, summarizing its major strength and weaknesses. Then it cautions educational planners and practitioners to be weary when, and if, they translate the theory into practice, so that they utilize the strengths inherent in the theory whilst paying attention to the dangers of its inherent weaknesses. |
| 54 | 1986 | Ph.D Thesis Entitled "The Valuation Of Waterfront Properties Along The Coastline Of Kenya
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This article reveals that the concept of education as a process of growth is a difficult one. Philosophers are, therefore, justified in being weary when pondering over its meaning, both in theory and practice. By way of conclusion, the article appreciates the complexities inherent in the growth theory of education, summarizing its major strength and weaknesses. Then it cautions educational planners and practitioners to be weary when, and if, they translate the theory into practice, so that they utilize the strengths inherent in the theory whilst paying attention to the dangers of its inherent weaknesses. |
| 55 | 1986 | Milk Hygiene In Nomadic Herds In Kenya Evaluated By Bacterial Isolation, Bacterial Viability Trials In Traditionally Fermenting Milk And Drug Sensitivity
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Microbial contamination of both fresh and fermented milk with Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus species and some non-identified bacilli was recorded. Brucella species were not isolated from any sample in this study. Streptococcus pyogenes survived in fermenting milk up to 96 hours but Staph. aureus only survived up to 9 hours. Milk fermentation markedly reduced bacterial load in the milk probably due to the low PH values, which ranged from 4.2 to 4.9.
Most of the bacteria recovered from both fresh and fermented milk samples were readily sensitive to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, streptomycin and kanamycin: sparingly sensitive to tetraclines but resistant to nitrofurantoin, suphafurazole and colistin sulphate. Multiple drug resistance involving upto 6 drugs was recorded among the organisms recovered from the milk samples. |
| 56 | 1986 | AN EVALUATION OF THE APPLICABILITY OF CROSSED IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS IN SEROEPIDEPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF HYDATID DISEASE IN LIVESTOCK
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| 57 | 1986 | SEROLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF HYDATID DISEASE BY ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA) USING PARTIALLY PURIFIED HYDATID CYST FLUID ANTIGENS
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Experimentally, two hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) antigens (antigens 4 and 5) were found to be the most immunogenic antigens in HCF. The two antigens were precipitated together from HCF. This was done by adding 2M phosphotungstic acid and 2M magnesium chloride pollutions to clarified HCF whilte continuously stirring the mixture. The precipitate formed was suspend in physiological saline (PS). This antigens solutions was used to coat microtitre plates fro indirect ELISA. Indirect ELISA was performed on 180 randomly selected bovine sera.
The sensitivity of the test was found to be 98% while the specificity was 70%. The predictive value was 89%. Although the specificity of the test was relatively low, the test using these partially purified antigens was found to be useful because of its high sensitivity. |
| 58 | 1986 | Kagiko, M.M.; Lindqvist K. And Gathuma, J.M. (1986). Immunological Characterisation Of The Antigens Of Hydatid Cyst Fluid. Proc. 9th International Congress Of Infections And Parasitic Diseases. Abstract No. 1150
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Experimentally, two hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) antigens (antigens 4 and 5) were found to be the most immunogenic antigens in HCF. The two antigens were precipitated together from HCF. This was done by adding 2M phosphotungstic acid and 2M magnesium chloride pollutions to clarified HCF whilte continuously stirring the mixture. The precipitate formed was suspend in physiological saline (PS). This antigens solutions was used to coat microtitre plates fro indirect ELISA. Indirect ELISA was performed on 180 randomly selected bovine sera.
The sensitivity of the test was found to be 98% while the specificity was 70%. The predictive value was 89%. Although the specificity of the test was relatively low, the test using these partially purified antigens was found to be useful because of its high sensitivity. |
| 59 | 1986 | Gathuma, J.M. (1986). Control Of Protozoal Diseases In Eastern Africa; The Case For Environmental Considerations. Insect Sci. Appl. (3) 327
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Experimentally, two hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) antigens (antigens 4 and 5) were found to be the most immunogenic antigens in HCF. The two antigens were precipitated together from HCF. This was done by adding 2M phosphotungstic acid and 2M magnesium chloride pollutions to clarified HCF whilte continuously stirring the mixture. The precipitate formed was suspend in physiological saline (PS). This antigens solutions was used to coat microtitre plates fro indirect ELISA. Indirect ELISA was performed on 180 randomly selected bovine sera.
The sensitivity of the test was found to be 98% while the specificity was 70%. The predictive value was 89%. Although the specificity of the test was relatively low, the test using these partially purified antigens was found to be useful because of its high sensitivity. |
| 60 | 1986 | Njeruh, F.M., Gathuma, J.M. And Tumboh-Oeri, A.G. (1986). Diagnosis Of Hydatidosis In Kenya II. An Enzyme-linked Immuno-sorbent Assay (ELISA) Based On A Thermostable Antigen E. Afr. Med. J. 63 (5) 318
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Experimentally, two hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) antigens (antigens 4 and 5) were found to be the most immunogenic antigens in HCF. The two antigens were precipitated together from HCF. This was done by adding 2M phosphotungstic acid and 2M magnesium chloride pollutions to clarified HCF whilte continuously stirring the mixture. The precipitate formed was suspend in physiological saline (PS). This antigens solutions was used to coat microtitre plates fro indirect ELISA. Indirect ELISA was performed on 180 randomly selected bovine sera.
The sensitivity of the test was found to be 98% while the specificity was 70%. The predictive value was 89%. Although the specificity of the test was relatively low, the test using these partially purified antigens was found to be useful because of its high sensitivity. |
| 61 | 1986 | Bondole Wa Mbula, E.M. Gathuru, 1986. Malakisi Tobacco Necrosis Virus. Proceeding Of The Symposium On Viral Diseases In Africa Held In Nairobi, Kenya. O.A.U. Scientific And Technical Res. Council Publication.
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The gene Q13L coding for the Capripoxvirus group specific structural protein P32 was expressed in Escherichia coli using plasmid pGEX-2T as a fusion protein with glutathione-s-transferase and purified on glutathione sepharose affinity chromatography column. The protein was then employed for diagnosis of sheeppox, goatpox and lumpyskin disease, by a latex agglutination test (LAT) using the purified P32 antigen and guinea pig detector antiserum raised against the P32 antigen. The LAT and virus neutralization test (VNT) were used to screen one hundred livestock field sera for antibodies to Capripoxvirus, in comparison the LAT was simpler, rapid and 23% more sensitive than the VNT. In addition the LAT was found to be specific for Carpripoxvirus because it did not pick antibodies to Orthopoxvirus and Parapoxvirus. The LA test can be taken for a simple and quick diagnostic tool for primary screening of Carpripoxvirus infection and will reduce the reliance of diagnostic laboratories on
tissue culture facilities.
Keywords: Carpripox, latex agglutination test, attachment gene
J. Trop. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Vol. 3 (2) 2007: pp. 36-43 |
| 62 | 1986 | Mathangya, P.M., D.M. Mukunya And E.M. Gathuru, 1986. Aetiology And Sources Of Resistance To Common Blight (Xanthomonas Campestris Pv. Phaseolus (Smith, 1987). Dye,1978, Of Beans (phaseolus Vulgaris L. ) In Kenya. Kenya Jour. Of Science Series B. 7 (2): 2
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The gene Q13L coding for the Capripoxvirus group specific structural protein P32 was expressed in Escherichia coli using plasmid pGEX-2T as a fusion protein with glutathione-s-transferase and purified on glutathione sepharose affinity chromatography column. The protein was then employed for diagnosis of sheeppox, goatpox and lumpyskin disease, by a latex agglutination test (LAT) using the purified P32 antigen and guinea pig detector antiserum raised against the P32 antigen. The LAT and virus neutralization test (VNT) were used to screen one hundred livestock field sera for antibodies to Capripoxvirus, in comparison the LAT was simpler, rapid and 23% more sensitive than the VNT. In addition the LAT was found to be specific for Carpripoxvirus because it did not pick antibodies to Orthopoxvirus and Parapoxvirus. The LA test can be taken for a simple and quick diagnostic tool for primary screening of Carpripoxvirus infection and will reduce the reliance of diagnostic laboratories on
tissue culture facilities.
Keywords: Carpripox, latex agglutination test, attachment gene
J. Trop. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Vol. 3 (2) 2007: pp. 36-43 |
| 63 | 1986 | Omunyin, M.E. Gathuru And D.M. Mukunya, 1986. Las Cepas, Del BCMCY. Su. Interaction Con Variedades De Frijol Con El Gene 1. Hojas De Frijol 8 (3).
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The gene Q13L coding for the Capripoxvirus group specific structural protein P32 was expressed in Escherichia coli using plasmid pGEX-2T as a fusion protein with glutathione-s-transferase and purified on glutathione sepharose affinity chromatography column. The protein was then employed for diagnosis of sheeppox, goatpox and lumpyskin disease, by a latex agglutination test (LAT) using the purified P32 antigen and guinea pig detector antiserum raised against the P32 antigen. The LAT and virus neutralization test (VNT) were used to screen one hundred livestock field sera for antibodies to Capripoxvirus, in comparison the LAT was simpler, rapid and 23% more sensitive than the VNT. In addition the LAT was found to be specific for Carpripoxvirus because it did not pick antibodies to Orthopoxvirus and Parapoxvirus. The LA test can be taken for a simple and quick diagnostic tool for primary screening of Carpripoxvirus infection and will reduce the reliance of diagnostic laboratories on
tissue culture facilities.
Keywords: Carpripox, latex agglutination test, attachment gene
J. Trop. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Vol. 3 (2) 2007: pp. 36-43 |
| 64 | 1986 | Waithaka, Kimani 1986. Micropropagation Of Tuberose By In Vitro Somatic Organogenesis Of Leaf Friable Callus. Intl. Congr. Plant-Tissue-Culture.6 Meet. 239.
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A cross sectional study of 115 patients admitted at the Department of Orthopedics, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya was carried out to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from infected wounds. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus was 33.0 %. The drugs tested and their corresponding sensitivity was amoxycillin (13.2 %), co-amoxyclav (39.5 %), oxacillin (55.3 %), erythromycin (44.7 %), gentamicin (60.5 %), ciprofloxacin (62.2 %), minocycline (86.8 %), cefuroxime (57.9 %), and clidamycin (84.2 %). These results show the sensitivity profile of Staphylococcus aureus and can be used to choose suitable drugs in the management of wounds for hospitalized patients. |
| 65 | 1986 | Waithaka, Kimani, 1986. Micropropagation Of Tuberose By In Vitro Somatic Organogenesis Of Leaf Friable Callus. Intl. Congr. Plant-Tissue-Cell- Culture, 6 Meet. 239.
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A cross sectional study of 115 patients admitted at the Department of Orthopedics, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya was carried out to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from infected wounds. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus was 33.0 %. The drugs tested and their corresponding sensitivity was amoxycillin (13.2 %), co-amoxyclav (39.5 %), oxacillin (55.3 %), erythromycin (44.7 %), gentamicin (60.5 %), ciprofloxacin (62.2 %), minocycline (86.8 %), cefuroxime (57.9 %), and clidamycin (84.2 %). These results show the sensitivity profile of Staphylococcus aureus and can be used to choose suitable drugs in the management of wounds for hospitalized patients. |
| 66 | 1986 | The Effects Of Corticosteroids On Neurotransmitter Metabolism On The Rat CNS.MSc Thesis University Of Nairobi.
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In a bid to determine the HIV-1 subtype variants in transmission in Nairobi and its possible association with clinical status, we screened 207 confirmed HIV-1 positive patients visiting HIV/AIDS laboratory at the Virus Research Centre in Nairobi between January and March 1994. We used a selfmade ELISA obtained from an established panel of HIV-1 V3 loop peptides (ANRS, France) and derived from seven isolates: MN, HXB2, SC, Z6, Z2, ELI and CDC4. Test samples were obtained from 95 blood donors and medical examination attendees, 57 patients with chronic diarrhoea, 31 confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis, 16 with pneumonia and 12 herpes zoster. Out of the total, 21.5% had antibodies against the MN strain, 19.1% had against the Z2 strain while reaction against the HXB2 strain was observed in 17.2%. SC, CDC4, Z6 and ELI had prevalences of 11.5%, 6.2%, 5.3% and 3.8% respectively. Fifteen per cent of the tested sera showed no reaction to any of the used peptides. Strong and significant associations were observed between the total number of strains a sample react to and the clinical state. We infer that both the North American consensus strains (MN and HXB2) and the African isolates (Z2 and Z6) are predominant in Nairobi. The correlation between antibody reactivity and clinical state is an interesting observation that necessitates an expanded study and, the use of strain specific peptides maybe a sensitive and easier method for use for molecular epidemiological purposes. PIP: During January-March 1994, in Nairobi, Kenya, the sera of pre-university students, suspected AIDS/advanced HIV-infection cases, and blood donors were screened for HIV-1 antibodies at the Virus Research Centre. All confirmed HIV-1 positive samples were categorized according to the patient's clinical status. A self-made ELISA was obtained from an established panel of HIV-1 V3 loop peptides and derived from seven isolates (MN and HXB2 [North American strains], SC, CDC4, Z2 and Z6 [African strains], and ELI). The sera of the 22 confirmed HIV-1 negative students were used as negative controls. There were 207 confirmed HIV-1 cases (95 blood donors and 112 suspected AIDS/advanced HIV-infection cases). 64 (31%) and 112 (54%) samples reacted to at least 3 strains and no more than 2 strains, respectively. The remaining 31 (15%) samples did not react to any of the 7 peptide strains. Samples with CD4 cell counts greater than 500 x 1 million reacted significantly to more peptide strains than those with CD4 counts below 200 x 1 million (88% vs. 7%). Reactivity to specific strains were 21.5% for MN, 19.1% for Z2, 17.2% for HXB2, 11.5% for SC, 6.2% for CDC 4, 5.5% for Z6, and 3.8% for ELI. Anti-HXB2 antibodies were more common in blood donors than suspected AIDS/advanced HIV-infection cases (22% vs. 13%). AIDS/advanced HIV-infection cases were more likely to have no antibodies than blood donors (21% vs. 7%). A significant association existed between the number of peptide strains a patient could react to and the clinical state (p 0.01). Specifically, 77% of samples with no V3 antibodies to the seven strains had AIDS or advanced HIV infection while 55% of those which had cross reactivity with three or more strains were asymptomatic. Further research is needed to better understand this correlation. These findings suggest that use of strain specific peptides may be a sensitive and easier method for use for molecular epidemiological purposes.
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| 67 | 1986 | Mukuria, J.C., Naiki, M., Hashimoto, M. And Kato, S. (1986). Specificities Of Human Heterophile HD Antibodies To A Glycosphingolipid And A Glycoprotein. Journal Of Biochemistry 100: 469
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A preliminary short follow-up study of Hanganutziu and Deicher (HD) antibody titre and sialic acid levels in sera from 7 patients with hepatoma was carried out. Weekly HD antibody titres were abnormal in 6 patients with titres of 4 of the 6 falling to normal in some weeks. Sialic acids levels, however were abnormal (3.830-6.82mmol/ l) compared to those of 33 normal sera (1.08-2.73 mmol/1) throughout the 8 week screening period. There was a poor correlation between the antibody tires and the sialic acid levels (r<0.50) suggesting that at some stage of malignancy, the tumour was expressing N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), the epitope of HD antigens as well as shedding into circulation, excess N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). Neu5Gc is a tumor-associated antigen. Measurement of antibodies to this epitope have shown that the antibodies have a potential of offering an alternative method of determining tumor growth and/or metastases. A major follow-up study incorporating information on cancer type, disease stage, therapy and the immnunological status of the patient is called for. |
| 68 | 1986 | Mukuria, J.C., Naiki, M., Hashimoto, M. And Kato, S., (1986). A Specific ELISA Procedure For Detection Of Heterophile HD Antibodies. Journal Of Immunological Methods: 179
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A preliminary short follow-up study of Hanganutziu and Deicher (HD) antibody titre and sialic acid levels in sera from 7 patients with hepatoma was carried out. Weekly HD antibody titres were abnormal in 6 patients with titres of 4 of the 6 falling to normal in some weeks. Sialic acids levels, however were abnormal (3.830-6.82mmol/ l) compared to those of 33 normal sera (1.08-2.73 mmol/1) throughout the 8 week screening period. There was a poor correlation between the antibody tires and the sialic acid levels (r<0.50) suggesting that at some stage of malignancy, the tumour was expressing N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), the epitope of HD antigens as well as shedding into circulation, excess N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). Neu5Gc is a tumor-associated antigen. Measurement of antibodies to this epitope have shown that the antibodies have a potential of offering an alternative method of determining tumor growth and/or metastases. A major follow-up study incorporating information on cancer type, disease stage, therapy and the immnunological status of the patient is called for. |
| 69 | 1986 | Mukuria JC, Naiki M, Kato S.Microstructure Of The Sialic Acid Moiety Of N-glycolylneuraminyllactosylceramide And The Elucidation Of Hanganutziu And Deicher (HD) Antigenicity.Immunol Lett. 1986 Mar;12(2-3):165-9
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The carboxyl (-COOH) group of heterophile Hanganutziu and Deicher (HD) antigen-active ganglioside (N-glycolylneuraminyllactosylceramide) was esterified (-CO2CH3) by methyl iodide and then reduced to a primary alcohol (-CH2OH) by sodium borohydride. The intact molecule (commonly known as HD3) as well as its two derivatives were tested for HD antigen potency using four human pathologic sera containing HD antibodies. The methyl ester derivative (1-methyl-HD3) gave the same inhibition potency as HD3, but the reduced HD3 gave poor inhibition (1/66) compared to the intact HD3. The results show that reduction of the carboxyl group diminishes the inhibitory potency of HD3. This suggests that although the N-glycolyl (-CH2OH) group of HD3 is the most important determinant for manifestation of HD antigenicity, it is likely that the antibody recognizes both the N-glycolyl and carboxyl groups together when they form a hydrogen bond (-CH2OH–-OOC-), aided by their possible proximity, and that substitution of either group therefore reduces the reaction of HD3 with HD antibody dramatically. |
| 70 | 1986 | Mukuria JC, Naiki M, Hashimoto M, Kato S.A Specific Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Procedure For Detection Of Heterophile Hanganutziu And Deicher (HD) Antibodies.J Immunol Methods. 1986 Feb 12;86(2):179-85
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A specific, relatively sensitive, quantitative and standardized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedure was developed for the detection of heterophile Hanganutziu and Deicher (HD) antibodies which are occasionally elevated in pathologic human sera. The HD antigen-active molecule used for the assay was a ganglioside (N-glycolylneuraminyllactosylceramide, abbreviated as NeuGc-LacCer) previously purified from horse erythrocyte membranes. The test used antigen-coated plastic microtiter plates and anti-human immunoglobulin G (IgG, Fab fragment) conjugated with alkaline phosphatase. Fifty-four normal human sera gave ELISA values ranging from -2 to 2%. Random sera from hospitalized patients were first screened by the horse erythrocyte hemagglutination (HA) test, whereby 5.7% (76 cases) gave abnormal HA titers of 128-4096 compared to titers in normal sera equal to or less than 64. Ninety-seven % of the patients' sera gave abnormal ELISA values (3-200%). They were classified into 3 groups: cancer (42 cases), infection (10 cases), and others (24 cases). The potential value of this ELISA method is discussed.
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| 71 | 1986 | Photo - Electrochemical Methods For The Utilization Of Solar Energy.
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| 72 | 1986 | Musandu, J. O. Staff Development For Improved Performance, Kenya Nursing Journal, September 1986
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Naisho JN, Ongaya L, Musandu JO. PIP: In highlighting the role of traditional birth attendants (TBAs) in the implementation of primary health care (PHC) in Kenya, the following topics are discussed: characteristics of TBAs as reported in studies, the training program, program objectives, content, the training process, resources for training, the role of TBAs in PHC, and evaluation. The definition of midwife is given as midwives trained in a community setting to assist in delivery within the confines of accepted cultural beliefs. A study of 28 midwives from different regions in Kenya in 1980 found that most were illiterate women between 24 and 68 years olds received no monetary gain, had a variety of occupational backgrounds, and provided varying amounts of advice but little pre- or postnatal care. Almost all advised mothers to breast feed for at least 2 years. 80% of mother use TBAs for delivery. In order to minimize maternal (5-20/1000 live births on the average) and infant mortality, many countries have or are developing training programs for TBAs. Inadequacies in TBA care may be little prenatal care, too little postnatal care, and deficits in promoting child spacing; other unsafe practices may be improper washing of hands and severing the umbilical cord with unsterile objects. Other advantages of training TBAs involve less cost, less need for transportation, personalized setting in the home, source of health education in the community, and rapport with her clients. The training program goal is to reduce mortality by eliminating bad practices. The objectives are to reduce maternal deaths or illness from hemorrhage, infection, and toxemia; to encourage better nutrition; to reduce perineal or vaginal tears which may lead to longterm disability from urinary or rectal fistula; to reduce the number of pregnancies or exposure to risk; and to reduce neonatal tetanus asphyxia, infection, diarrhea, and malnutrition. Activities entail educating adolescent girls and pregnant women on menstruation and sexuality within cultural norms, prenatal care and delivery and postnatal care, maternal care, and educating mothers about personal hygiene, nutrition, child spacing, and immunization, and acknowledgement of the valuable service TBAs contribute to the community. Programs have operated for 10 years and evaluation is underway. PMID: 2630785 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
| 73 | 1986 | "Health Care Decisions At The Household Level: Results Of A Rural Health Survey In Kenya", Social Science And Medicine, Pp. 315-319.
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The role of pastoralist women in conflict resolution and management (study funded by SIDA though IMPACT) |
| 74 | 1986 | Mauri Yambo, Technical Training And Work Experience In Kenya: A National Tracer Study Of The Leavers Of Harambee Institutes Of Technology And Youth Polytechnics. (Nairobi: DANIDA, December 1986). 294 Pp.
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{ This paper proposes a new theory, a theory of the memetic sphere; and outlines its main features, based on library research. In Dawkinsian parlance, memes are ideas, phrases and sentences with a gene-like capacity to replicate. The theory maps the chain-reaction in the form of which this replication becomes what we know as the information explosion, and attempts to show what lies beyond the explosion. No known study has highlighted the similitudes between the memetic sphere and the physical universe. The theory is summarized in an Einsteinian equation |
| 75 | 1986 | Badamana, M.S. And J.D. Oldham, J.D. Sutton, And A. Mowlem. (1986). The Effect Of Level Of Protein In The Concerntrates On Hay Intake And Milk Production By Saanen Goats. Paper Presented At The British Society Of Animal Production (BSAP) Winter Meeting He
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| 76 | 1986 | Biological Studies Of Amblyseius Olivi, A New Predator Of Eriophyid Mite Infesting Olive Trees In Egypt (Acari : Phytoseiidae). Entomophaga, 31: 99
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We surveyed the phytoseid mites in four different geographical zones of Kenya: Zone I, upper highland and tropical alpine (2400-4400m): Zone II, lower highland (1800-2400m); zone III, midland (800-1800m); Zone IV, tropical, hot and humid( 0-800m ). A total of 107 species was found. In the sub family, amblyseeinae there were 14 species in the genus Neoseilus , one in Aspereroseius Chant, one in Paraphytoseius Swirski &Schechter, five in typhlodromips De Leon, five in Transeius Chant & McMurty, one in Graminaseius Chant &McMurty, 11 in Amblyseius Berlese, one in Arrenoseius Wanstein, two in Typhlodromalus muma, seven in Ueckemannseius Chant &McMurty, one in Ambylodromalus Chant &Mcmurty,, 20 in Euseius Wanstein, one in Iphiseius Berlese, one in Phytoseilus Evans and one in Gynaseius Ehara & Imano. In the subfamily Phytoseiinae Berlese there were four species in the genus Phytoseiius Ribaga. In the subfamily Typhlodrominae Wanstein, there were four species in the genus Kuzinellus Wainstein and 27 in Typhlodromus Scheuten
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| 77 | 1986 | Family Phytoseiidae In :Survey And Ecological Studies On Phytophagous Mites, Predacious And Soil Mites In Egypt. II A. Predacious And Non-phytophagous Mites , M. A. Zaher (ed).
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We surveyed the phytoseid mites in four different geographical zones of Kenya: Zone I, upper highland and tropical alpine (2400-4400m): Zone II, lower highland (1800-2400m); zone III, midland (800-1800m); Zone IV, tropical, hot and humid( 0-800m ). A total of 107 species was found. In the sub family, amblyseeinae there were 14 species in the genus Neoseilus , one in Aspereroseius Chant, one in Paraphytoseius Swirski &Schechter, five in typhlodromips De Leon, five in Transeius Chant & McMurty, one in Graminaseius Chant &McMurty, 11 in Amblyseius Berlese, one in Arrenoseius Wanstein, two in Typhlodromalus muma, seven in Ueckemannseius Chant &McMurty, one in Ambylodromalus Chant &Mcmurty,, 20 in Euseius Wanstein, one in Iphiseius Berlese, one in Phytoseilus Evans and one in Gynaseius Ehara & Imano. In the subfamily Phytoseiinae Berlese there were four species in the genus Phytoseiius Ribaga. In the subfamily Typhlodrominae Wanstein, there were four species in the genus Kuzinellus Wainstein and 27 in Typhlodromus Scheuten
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| 78 | 1986 | Comparative Morphology Of The Immature Stages Of Phytoseiid Mites (Acari : Gamasina). Bull. Zool. Soc. Egypt, 35: 11
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We surveyed the phytoseid mites in four different geographical zones of Kenya: Zone I, upper highland and tropical alpine (2400-4400m): Zone II, lower highland (1800-2400m); zone III, midland (800-1800m); Zone IV, tropical, hot and humid( 0-800m ). A total of 107 species was found. In the sub family, amblyseeinae there were 14 species in the genus Neoseilus , one in Aspereroseius Chant, one in Paraphytoseius Swirski &Schechter, five in typhlodromips De Leon, five in Transeius Chant & McMurty, one in Graminaseius Chant &McMurty, 11 in Amblyseius Berlese, one in Arrenoseius Wanstein, two in Typhlodromalus muma, seven in Ueckemannseius Chant &McMurty, one in Ambylodromalus Chant &Mcmurty,, 20 in Euseius Wanstein, one in Iphiseius Berlese, one in Phytoseilus Evans and one in Gynaseius Ehara & Imano. In the subfamily Phytoseiinae Berlese there were four species in the genus Phytoseiius Ribaga. In the subfamily Typhlodrominae Wanstein, there were four species in the genus Kuzinellus Wainstein and 27 in Typhlodromus Scheuten
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| 79 | 1986 | J. Mbula Bahemuka, C. Resieew And A. Fowler. Women In Development In Kenya. The Netherlands, Ministry Of Foreign Affairs, Directorate Of General Development And Co-operation, The Hague, Netherlands,
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| 80 | 1986 | G. Kalman & R. O. Genga: High-Frequency Expansion Of Plasma Dielectric Tensor; Phys, Rev. A 33, 604 (1986).
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| 81 | 1986 | Bebora L.C. (1986): Common Poisons-poultry.
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| 82 | 1986 | Bebora L.C. (1986): Salmonellosis In Poultry: The Disease, Its Diagnosis And Prevention.
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| 83 | 1986 | Diffusion Of Dissolved Oxygen Through Concrete". Material Performance, 12,39-44 (December ).
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| 84 | 1986 | Atwell R.B., Sutton, R.H. And Buoro, I.B.J. (1986). Early Pulmonary Lesions Caused By Dead Dirofilaria Immitis In Dogs Exposed To Homologous Antigens. British Journal Of Experimental Pathology 67: 395-405.
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An in vitro study of the antinematodal action of two groups of compounds which act on the receptor complex of the inhibitory neurotransmitter, Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in mammalian systems is described. The compounds, Ivermectin and two benzodiazepines, Diazepam and a water soluble Midazolam were tested singly or in combination against two microfilarial parasites Onchocerca lienalis (closely related to Onchocerca volvulus) and Brugia pahangi. The combination of ivermectin and diazepam at a concentration of 0.1 microgram/ml and 33 micrograms/ml respectively achieved the same effect on microfilarial motility as when ivermectin was given at 1 microgram/ml alone or diazepam at 66 micrograms/ml alone. Similarly when the combination of ivermectin at 0.1 microgram/ml and midazolam at 10 micrograms/ml was used it achieved the same effect as ivermectin at 1 microgram/ml alone or midazolam at 33 micrograms/ml alone. This showed that both benzodiazepines had a synergistic effect on the activity of ivermectin. The microfilariae of B. pahangi were insensitive to both groups of compounds at all concentrations used. |
| 85 | 1986 | Matta WM, Saleh MM, Shamikh R, Ali SS, Abdel Malek AK. 1986. The Influence Of Deprivation Of Light On The Brain. Intern Conf Anatom Society W Africa. Nigeria, Nov. 1986.
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A sample of 166 normal adult males and females was taken from different colleges of Assiut representing those living in upper Egypt. Each subject has been studied for measurements of stature (S), hand length (HL) and hand breadth (HB). The data were statistically analysed in order to assess the relationship between stature and hand measurements. The correlation matrix of the study indicates close similarity of the relationship between stature and hand measurements in both sexes and in both sides. A generalized multiple regression equation has been designed to estimate stature from values of hand length and hand breadth regardless of sex or side in the form: S = 34.5 + 5.77 HL + 2.7 HB +/- 5.1. This equation may be helpful to obtain approximate stature when there is difficulty in obtaining a direct measurement or where there is a chance print of a criminal or an amputated hand or arm. |
| 86 | 1986 | Wasunna A. Local Treatment Of The Commonest Diseases In Developing Countries. World Hosp. 1986 Jun;22(2):34-6. No Abstract Available.
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Two major etiological agents, hepatitis B virus and aflatoxin B1, are considered to be involved in the induction of liver cancer in Africa. In order to elucidate any synergistic effect of these two agents we conducted a study in various parts of Kenya with different liver cancer incidence in order to establish the rate of exposure to aflatoxin and the prevalence of hepatitis infections. Of all tested individuals 12.6% were positive for aflatoxin exposure as indicated by the urinary excretion of aflatoxin B1-guanine. Assuming no annual and seasonal variation, a regional variation in the exposure was observed. The highest rate of aflatoxin exposure was found in the Western Highlands and Central Province. The incidence of hepatitis infection nationwide as measured by the presence of the surface antigens was 10.6%, but a wide regional variation was observed. A multiplicative and additive regression analysis to investigate if hepatitis and aflatoxin exposure had a synergetic effect in the induction of liver cancer was negative. However, a moderate degree of correlation between the exposure to aflatoxin and liver cancer was observed when the study was limited to certain ethnic groups. The study gives additional support to the hypothesis that aflatoxin is a human liver carcinogen. |
| 87 | 1986 | Kinoti SN, Wasunna A, Turkish J, Gateere R, Desai M, Agwanda R, Juma R. A Comparison Of The Efficacy Of Maize-based ORS And Standard W.H.O. ORS In The Treatment Of Acute Childhood Diarrhoea At Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya: Results Of A Pilot
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Two major etiological agents, hepatitis B virus and aflatoxin B1, are considered to be involved in the induction of liver cancer in Africa. In order to elucidate any synergistic effect of these two agents we conducted a study in various parts of Kenya with different liver cancer incidence in order to establish the rate of exposure to aflatoxin and the prevalence of hepatitis infections. Of all tested individuals 12.6% were positive for aflatoxin exposure as indicated by the urinary excretion of aflatoxin B1-guanine. Assuming no annual and seasonal variation, a regional variation in the exposure was observed. The highest rate of aflatoxin exposure was found in the Western Highlands and Central Province. The incidence of hepatitis infection nationwide as measured by the presence of the surface antigens was 10.6%, but a wide regional variation was observed. A multiplicative and additive regression analysis to investigate if hepatitis and aflatoxin exposure had a synergetic effect in the induction of liver cancer was negative. However, a moderate degree of correlation between the exposure to aflatoxin and liver cancer was observed when the study was limited to certain ethnic groups. The study gives additional support to the hypothesis that aflatoxin is a human liver carcinogen. |
| 88 | 1986 | Kitonyi J.M.K. BRS As A Co-operate Component Of Radiography Training Proceedings: WHO BRS Study.Group Report. Harare, Zimbabwe May 1986.
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While Diagnostic Radiology has become increasingly indispensible in sound clinical patient management the cost and maintenance of radiological equipment has continued to soar, reaching almost unaffordable levels in developing countries. As an attempt to provide some measure of remedy to the above problem, the World Health Organization in the early 80's introduced the basic radiological system (BRS) concept. The BRS is supposed to meet such criteria as being relatively cheap, of low maintenance cost easy operability and suitable in rural areas where electrical power supply may not be constant. In addition it should be able to perform 80% of all conventional radiological examinations. In this paper the author gives a critical account of the BRS experience in Kenya. Proposals for possible future considerations and modifications in order to achieve near ideal BRS X-ray machine are also advanced.
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| 89 | 1986 | Kitonyi J.M.K The Sex Incidence Of Renal Calculosis In Kenyatta National Hospital.East Afr Med J. 1986 Mar;63(3):163-7.
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While Diagnostic Radiology has become increasingly indispensible in sound clinical patient management the cost and maintenance of radiological equipment has continued to soar, reaching almost unaffordable levels in developing countries. As an attempt to provide some measure of remedy to the above problem, the World Health Organization in the early 80's introduced the basic radiological system (BRS) concept. The BRS is supposed to meet such criteria as being relatively cheap, of low maintenance cost easy operability and suitable in rural areas where electrical power supply may not be constant. In addition it should be able to perform 80% of all conventional radiological examinations. In this paper the author gives a critical account of the BRS experience in Kenya. Proposals for possible future considerations and modifications in order to achieve near ideal BRS X-ray machine are also advanced.
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| 90 | 1986 | Edited The Report On The Proceedings Of A Follow-up Workshop On The"Role Of Co-operatives In Development Of Kenyan Economy",
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Computers were first developed to process business transactions; the trend has been to have computers also support management in decision making. This led to the evolution of Management Information Systems (MIS). The concept of MIS can be traced from four major areas, namely, managerial accounting, management science or operations research, management theory and computer science. MIS is supported by a comprehensive set of data for business operations referred to as a database. There are several databases in any given organization. Organizations have realized that valuable information is hidden in separate databases which might sometimes contain overlapping and contradictory information, and are coming up with data warehouses. A data warehouse provides a platform for advanced, complex and efficient data analysis using On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) for data mining or Knowledge Data Discovery (KDD) to extract previously unknown strategic business information or business intelligence (BI). There are a lot of similarities between data warehousing and operations research (OR), they both require analytical processing to support executive decision making, yet OR, MIS and IT exist as separate communities, right from the education level to the organizations. There are many challenges facing data warehousing, with organizations viewing it as a purely IT project. The objective of the paper was to establish how some of the challenges of data warehousing could be addressed so as to reduce the failure rate of BI projects. It was concluded that data warehousing would be more successful if its development was a joint effort of both the OR & MIS community and the IT community. It is recommended that OR and MIS be taught as one discipline whose graduates will work very closely with IT specialists.
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| 91 | 1986 | Managing Risk And Insurance For Small Business Entrepreneurs: (Published By Stellagraphics)
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Description:
This book describes four types of indigenous water retention structures used in East Africa. These structures are the Berkad tank, the Charco dam, sand wiers and hillside water retention ditches. |
| 92 | 1986 | Oluoch-Kosura, W. 1986b.
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| 93 | 1986 | Muchiri, G., W. Oluoch-Kosura, R. Michieka And H. Dibbits, 1986.
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| 94 | 1986 | Oluoch-Kosura, W. 1986
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| 95 | 1986 | Oluoch-Kosura, W. 1986.
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| 96 | 1986 | State Of The Art Computer Science In East And Central Africa
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| 97 | 1986 | THE IMPOSITION OF PROPERTY LAW IN KENYA.Unpublished LL.B Dissertation, Universityof Nairobi
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| 98 | 1986 | Nitrate Reductase Activity In The Roots And Leaves Of Sorghum Biocolor.
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Oyieke H.A. and Misra A.K: |
| 99 | 1986 | E. M. W. Akunda And J. W. Odhiambo. A Prediction Model For Crop Yield In Mixed Culture Cropping System. In: Actes Des E. M. W. Akunda, S. K. Imbamba And D. Kumar.
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| 100 | 1986 | Ayiemba, E.H.O. (1986):
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This paper investigates the relationships between knowledge of common sexually transmitted diseases and or HIV/AIDS and sexual behaviour change among adolescents in school and out of school in Nairobi City. Despite the existence of a well-structured health education system supported by informal health educators, it is apparent that health education knowledge acquired is not commensurate with desired changes in attitudes and behaviour. This study sampled 250 adolescents in Nairobi City aged between 14 to 24 years. Furthermore, focus group discussions were conducted to supplement views of individual respondents. The respondents socio-economic and cultural backgrounds represented well the major societal groups and classes. It was found that 93.2 percent of adolescents were knowledgeable of sexually transmitted diseases and over 90 per cent accurately identified symptoms of common sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS. However, it also emerged that peer pressure and peer networks have a very strong impact on attitude and behaviour of adolescent. The study recommends that more research is needed to understand how effects of peer networks could be made more effective in reducing adolescents pre-marital sex. |
| 101 | 1986 | Maitho, T., Lees, P. And Taylor, J.B. 1986. Absorption And Pharmacokinetics Of Phenylbutazone In Welsh Mountain Ponies. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 9, 26-39
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The disposition of phenylbutazone (4.4 mg/kg), administered intravenously to six Welsh Mountain ponies, was described by a two-compartment open model. Pharmacokinetic parameters were not significantly different after morning dosing in comparison with afternoon dosing. When phenylbutazone (4.4 mg/kg) was administered orally to the same ponies, marked variations in time to peak concentrations were produced with different feeding schedules. When access to hay was permitted before and after dosing, the mean time to peak concentration was 13.2 ± 1.2 h and double peaks in the plasma concentration–time curve were common. Double peaks were also encountered when phenylbutazone was given to ponies deprived of food prior to, and allowed access to hay after, dosing. In this circumstance, mean times to peak concentration were much shorter (3.8 ± 1.3 h after morning dosing and 5.3 ± 1.5 h followed afternoon dosing). Absorption was more regular and double peaks were less apparent when food was withheld both before and after dosing. In order to explain these findings, it is tentatively postulated that, whereas some of the administered dose of phenylbutazone may be absorbed quickly, some may become adsorbed on to the feed and subsequently released by fermentative digestion in the large intestine and/or caecum. The consequences of delayed absorption in fed animals for toxicity and clinical efficacy, and for the use of phenylbutazone in equestrian sports, are considered. Delayed absorption in ponies given access to hay was not accompanied by a significant reduction in total absorption. Bioavailability was estimated to be approximately 69% in fed and 78%, in unfed ponies. Estimates of bioavailability gave similar values for morning (72%) and afternoon (71%) dosing.
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| 102 | 1986 | Lees, P., Maitho, T. And Taylor, J.B. 1986. Absorption And Fate Of Phenylbutazone In The Horse Following Intravenous And Oral Administration. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 89, 762
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| 103 | 1986 | State Of The Art Computer Science In East And Central Africa
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| 104 | 1986 | The African Household In Socio-Economic Change: A Coceptual Problem In Research", In Research Methods In Social Sciences: A Quest For Relevant Approaches For Africa, Edited By Bashir O.M., Fadhalla D Fassil G. Kiros And Published By Khartoum University Pr
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Families in Kenya. In Handbook of World Families, edited by B.N. Adams and J. Trest. Sage Publication, 2005. |
| 105 | 1986 | "Some Notable Patterns Of Fertility Behaviour In Africa: The Case Of Kenya". International Sociology, Vol.1 No.2, Pp.203-211, 1986
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Families in Kenya. In Handbook of World Families, edited by B.N. Adams and J. Trest. Sage Publication, 2005. |
| 106 | 1986 | "Women's Income And Fertility In Rural Kenya", Working Paper No.441, Institute For Development Studies (IDS, Univ
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Families in Kenya. In Handbook of World Families, edited by B.N. Adams and J. Trest. Sage Publication, 2005. |
| 107 | 1986 | Diagnosis Of Human Hydatidosis In Kenya I. The Role Of Indirect Hemagglutination Test (IHA) Based On A Thermo-stable Antigen. E. Afr. Med. J. 63:311
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A double antibody enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for identification of thermostable muscle antigens of autoclaved meat samples is described. The assay differentiates heterologous thermostable muscle antigens from homologous at P 0.001. In model meat mixtures, the assay detects adulterants at the level of 1% at p0.001 even in phylogenetically related species such as buffalo and cattle. |
| 108 | 1986 | Diagnosis Of Human Hydatidosis In Kenya II. An Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Based On A Thermo-stable Antigen. E. Afr. Med. J. 63: 318
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A double antibody enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for identification of thermostable muscle antigens of autoclaved meat samples is described. The assay differentiates heterologous thermostable muscle antigens from homologous at P 0.001. In model meat mixtures, the assay detects adulterants at the level of 1% at p0.001 even in phylogenetically related species such as buffalo and cattle. |
| 109 | 1986 | Human Settlements And Rural Development In Nyeri District. Draft Report \ritten For The National Council For Science And Technology. 1986.
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{ OBJECTIVES To compare sociodemographic profiles, child care, child feeding practices and growth indices of children born to HIV-1 seropositive and seronegative mothers. METHODS: A cohort study of 234 children (seropositive and seronegative) born to HIV-1 seropositive mothers and 139 children born to seronegative mothers in Pumwani Maternity Hospital which serves a low-income population in Nairobi, Kenya from December 1991 and January 1994. RESULTS: With few exceptions, at the time of their birth children in all three cohorts had parents with similar characteristics, lived in similar housing in similar geographical areas, had their mothers as their primary care givers, had similar feeding practices and similar growth status and patterns. However, the HIV-1 seropositive mothers were slightly younger (23.8 years vs. 25.0 years, P < 0.01), if married they were less likely to be their husband's first wife (79% vs. 91%
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| 110 | 1986 | Nyangeri, E. N. 1986. Rehabilitation Of Hand-dug Wells And Protected Springs, Kisii District, Kenya. M.Sc. Thesis, Tampere University Of Technology, Finland 1986
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This study set out to examine the policy position in Kenyan health care financing, with regard to implementation of the proposed social health scheme (NSHIF) and its performance potential. The specific objectives were to: examine the existing social scheme (NHIF), its role and challenges in health care financing; establish whether or not Kenya has the key pre-requisites for introduction and sustainability of a social health scheme and to provide recommendations on the way forward. This was largely a desk study, supplemented with limited primary data from key informants. The analysis indicates that: i) For a universal social health plan to be sustainable, favorable economic indicators and availability of essential infrastructures are critical prerequisites. Resources must be available, government must be in a position to afford high subsidies, the population must be ready to pay high premiums and the supply of health services must be adequate to cater for the expected increase in demand; ii) Countries that have successfully embraced social health plans introduced their schemes carefully and gradually (overtime) in terms of coverage; iii) Kenya compares unfavorably with these countries in terms of prerequisites for sustainability of a social health scheme, due largely to a poor economy, high poverty levels and shortfalls in facilities and services. The study concludes that Kenya lacks the key prerequisites for introducing and sustaining a universal social health scheme. The scheme can hardly be supported by the current status of the economy and healthcare infrastructures. The study recommends: i) Expansion and development of health care infrastructural capacities through subsidies and tax concessions for those investing in health care and providing subsidized services, particularly to the poor and rehabilitation of the GoK facilities; ii) Increasing the health budget from 7 per cent of government expenditure to above 10 per cent and directing more resources and efforts towards preventive/promotive and primary health care (P&PH); and iii) Other recommendations include subjecting the proposed scheme to an actuarial evaluation and comprehensive policy plan in order to determine the attendant and corresponding premium and benefit levels and pursuing a phased approach in the implementation of the scheme. |
| 111 | 1986 | Mutiga, E.R. 1986. Reproduction And Herd Health. Kenya Vet. 10 (1) : 33-34.
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Data relating to reproductive parameters of German shepherd bitches were collected from registered German shepherd dog (GSD) breeders with information kept over a 15-year period (1982-1997). The information obtained was verified using the East African Kennel Club records. A total of 594 bitches from 280 breeders were recorded. From these, 798 heats were observed, 594 of which were used for breeding, resulting in 3592 puppies. The mean age at puberty was 519.0 +/- 41 days. Heats occurred throughout the year, although significantly (P < 0.05) higher and lower incidences were observed in October and April respectively Pregnancy significantly (P < 0.01) increased interoestrous interval, which was 247.8 +/- 99.6 and 183 +/- 52 days among bred/pregnant and non-bred bitches respectively. Most bitches in oestrus (73.7%) were bred, and breeding was carried out throughout the year, with a distribution closely related to that of heat incidence. Subsequently, whelping occurred throughout the year, and 95.5% of the bitches that were mated whelped. A mean gestation period of 60.6 +/- 5.1 days was observed. The mean litter size was 6.4 +/- 0.4 puppies, and did not differ significantly between months. The preweaning losses were low, with 2.3% stillbirths, 0.9% culls and 11.4% mortalities. |
| 112 | 1986 | "Problems Of Establishment Of Agro-Industrial Complexes In Kenya". Brochure Published In Russian Language In
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Two groups of 6 rats each received subcutaneous injections of 2.3 mg/kg or 5.0 mg/kg of quinuronium, respectively, on two consecutive days, while 5 rats injected with physiological saline served as controls. Clinical signs of muscular tremors, jumps, enlarged and hyperemic eyeballs, lacrimation, depression and anorexia were observed following administration of quinuronium. One rat receiving 5 mg/kg died before termination of the study. When killed 48 h after the first injection, the quinuronium-treated rats had a higher liver weight/body weight ratio compared to the controls. Quinuronium resulted in hepatic centrilobular fatty degeneration, but no depletion of hepatic glutathione (GSH). The present findings suggest that glutathione depletion does not seem to be involved in quinuronium hepatotoxicity. |
| 113 | 1986 | Wango E.O. And Wooding F.B.P. (1986). The Role Of Binucleate Cells In Implantation In The Goat. Society For The Study Of Fertility And British Neuro-endocrine Joint Winter Meeting, Nottingham, UK.,Abstr. 114.
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SUMMARY LIII)' lIIorpllOlogiClI changcs ill the goat ,csris after:. sillgle illlraperilOlieal injec,ioll of ethalle ,lillie' I.:lIIeslll"llOnarc (EI )S) werc investigatcd mint; (1Orh liglH alld deCll'On microscopy. The (olllpolind was ;almillistered at two dose Icvels: 75 mgll
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| 114 | 1986 | Omondi, L.N. 1986 English, Communication And Development In Kenya Proceedings Of The Conference On English In East Africa. British Council, Nairobi, March 24th To 27th 1986
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| 115 | 1986 | Omondi, L.N. 1986 Research Methods In Syntax: An Illustrative Description Of The Dholuo Nominal Group In Scale And Category Theory Of Grammar Derika Associates Nairobi.
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| 116 | 1986 | .Omondi, L.N. (1986) Reduplication As A Linguistic Phenomenon. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere. October, 1986. Schriftenreihe Des Kolner Institut Fur Afrikanistik.
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| 117 | 1986 | 1986, 5-8th August 3rd Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium, Kisumu, Kenya.
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| 118 | 1986 | Decomposition Analysis In Analysing Small Fire Performance Univerity Of Stirling Library
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| 119 | 1986 | Wasunna AE. Carcinoma Of The Oesophagus: Alcohol, Tobacco And Vitamins. East Afr Med J. 1986 Sep;63(9):569-70. No Abstract Available.
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There is a marked shortage of surgical manpower all over Africa. General surgeons undertake a very wide range of surgical work because of the lack of specialists. Orthopaedic and general surgeons both care for accident injuries. Current training and recruitment programs are inadequate in correcting existing gross manpower deficiencies. The situation is further aggravated by a gross maldistribution of available manpower in favor of large urban centers. In many parts of rural Africa, minor surgical procedures are carried out by suitably trained, non-physician health workers, but facilities and resources for surgery outside urban centers are generally inadequate. The World Health Organization program on essential surgical and anesthetic procedures, which is currently under way in collaboration with the International Federation of Surgical Colleges, the World Federation of Societies of Anesthesiologists, and other professional bodies, should have a significant impact on these urgent needs for basic surgery in rural district hospitals. |
| 120 | 1986 | The Economic Integration Of An Island Economy: The Case Of Zanzibar To Tanganyika.
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Although early diagnosis and treatment are key factors in the effective control of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), many cases of the disease delay taking appropriate action, leading to untold suffering. As a better understanding of treatment-seeking behaviour should help in identifying the obstacles to early diagnosis and effective treatment, the treatment pathways followed by 203 former HAT cases in western Kenya and eastern Uganda have recently been explored. About 86% of the HAT cases had utilized more than two different healthcare options before being correctly diagnosed for HAT, with about 70% each using more than three different health facilities. Only about 8% of the cases reported that they had been correctly diagnosed the first time they sought treatment. Just over half (51%) of the HAT cases had been symptomatic for >2 months before being correctly diagnosed for HAT, and such time lags in diagnosis contributed to 72% of the cases receiving their first appropriate treatment only in the late stage of the disease. The likelihood of a correct diagnosis increased with the time the case had been symptomatic. These observations indicate an urgent need to build the diagnostic capacity of the primary healthcare facilities in the study area, so that all HAT cases can be identified and treated in the early stage of the disease. |
| 121 | 1986 | Munyua S.J.M. And Karioki D.I. (1986). Poorly Constructed Zero Grazing Units A Possible Constraint To Optimal Production In Dairy Cattle. 4th Tanzania Vet. Ass. Scie. Conf. Arusha 2 5 Dec. 1986. Vol. 4, 130 135.
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This report concerns an outbreak that occurred during July/August 1997. Ten pigs from a herd of 181 pigs in a medium-scale, semi-closed piggery in Kiambu District, Kenya, contracted the clinical disease. The main clinical findings in affected pigs included: fever (40.5-41.8 degrees C), prostration, inappetence, dog-sitting posture, abortion, erythema and raised, firm to the touch and easily palpated light pink to dark purple diamond-shaped to square/rectangular spots on the skin around the belly and the back. Based on the pathognomonic skin lesions, a clinical diagnosis of swine erysipelas was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae organisms from the blood and skin biopsies taken from the affected pigs. Response to treatment with a combination of procaine penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin at the dosage rate of 20,000 IU/kg body weight (based on procaine penicillin) for 3 days was good and all the affected pigs recovered fully. The farm was placed under quarantine to prevent spread of the disease |
| 122 | 1986 | Munyua S.J.M. (1986). Urea Poisoning In A Herd Of Pedigree Jerseys The Cost Of Carelessness. KVA. Kericho Scie. Conf. 4 5 September 1986.
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This report concerns an outbreak that occurred during July/August 1997. Ten pigs from a herd of 181 pigs in a medium-scale, semi-closed piggery in Kiambu District, Kenya, contracted the clinical disease. The main clinical findings in affected pigs included: fever (40.5-41.8 degrees C), prostration, inappetence, dog-sitting posture, abortion, erythema and raised, firm to the touch and easily palpated light pink to dark purple diamond-shaped to square/rectangular spots on the skin around the belly and the back. Based on the pathognomonic skin lesions, a clinical diagnosis of swine erysipelas was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae organisms from the blood and skin biopsies taken from the affected pigs. Response to treatment with a combination of procaine penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin at the dosage rate of 20,000 IU/kg body weight (based on procaine penicillin) for 3 days was good and all the affected pigs recovered fully. The farm was placed under quarantine to prevent spread of the disease |
| 123 | 1986 | Mati JK, Sinei SK, Mulandi TN, Ndavi PM, Mbugua S, Mailu CK, Mungai JW. Oral Contraceptive Use And The Risk Of Malaria.East Afr Med J. 1986 Jun;63(6):382-8.
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PIP: The 1725 women presenting at Kenyatta National Hospital in 1984-86 for IUD insertion were screened for cervical Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoea before the IUD insertion. 207 (12%) cases of chlamydia trachomatis and 61 (3.5%) cases of Neisseria gonorrhoea were detected. There was no association between the ages of the women and the prevalence of these 2 sexually transmitted pathogens; however, there was a significant relationship between the prevalence of N gonorrhoea and marital status. N gonorrhoea was detected in 6.2% of never-married and 5.2% of formerly married women compared with 2.3% of currently married subjects (p0.001). Although there was no significant relationship between parity and the rate of isolation of the 2 pathogens, infection tended to be lower in women with 5 or more children. Educational attainment was significantly associated with N gonorrhoea infection: 5.1% in women who had 0-7 years of schooling compared with 3.0% in those with 8 or more years of education (p0.05). 12 women with C trachomatis infection were also positive for N gonorrhoea. There was no significant relationship between C trachomatis infection and any of the demographic variables examined. Given the finding that the greatest risk of pelvic inflammatory disease occurs in the 1st month of IUD use, it can be speculated that pathogens are inserted into the uterine cavity at the time of IUD insertion. It is therefore recommended that clients–especially the unmarried, the formerly unmarried, and those with low levels of education–be screened and treated for N gonorrhoea and C trachomatis before an IUD is inserted. |
| 124 | 1986 | A Model For The Growth Of Infection
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This paper investigates the possibilities of applying emerging management theories and techniques to constitutionally created offices in Kenya and East African region. The benefits from application of these theories, particularly in the judicial services are highlighted. |
| 125 | 1986 | Curvature Tensor In Kahler And Almost Kahler Manifold
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This paper investigates the possibilities of applying emerging management theories and techniques to constitutionally created offices in Kenya and East African region. The benefits from application of these theories, particularly in the judicial services are highlighted. |
| 126 | 1986 | Adungo N.I., Ondijo S.O. And Pamba H.O.: Observation Of Entrobius Vermicularis In The Urine. 3 Case Reports. E. Afr. Med. J. 63: 676, 1986
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This paper investigates the possibilities of applying emerging management theories and techniques to constitutionally created offices in Kenya and East African region. The benefits from application of these theories, particularly in the judicial services are highlighted.
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| 127 | 1986 | Syagga, P.M (1986),"Mortgage Valuation". Ardhi, Pp40-42.
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Samples of burnt clay from kilns in various parts of the country were tested for their cementatious qualities and found to have high silica contents.Results showed that additing upto 40% of the cly to portland cement produced good binders for mass concre and plaster work,particularly for low cost housing. |
| 128 | 1986 | Syagga, P.M. (1986), Overview Of Low-Cost Housing Strategies. Paper Presented At The Workshop On Appropriate Building Materials Production And Use For Low-Cost Housing In Kenya, Karen, Nairobi (6-31 October
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Samples of burnt clay from kilns in various parts of the country were tested for their cementatious qualities and found to have high silica contents.Results showed that additing upto 40% of the cly to portland cement produced good binders for mass concre and plaster work,particularly for low cost housing. |
| 129 | 1986 | Biamah, E.K.,(1986). Technical And Socio-Economic Considerations In Rehabilitating And Conserving An Eroded/denuded Catchment Area: A Case Study Of The Chemeron Catchment Area, Central Baringo, Kenya. In: Soil And Water Conservation In Kenya . Proceedings
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This paper reviews some research studies on tillage methods influencing soil and moisture conservation in the eastern African countries of Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi and Ethiopia during the past four decades. Most of these studies were conducted in marginal rainfall (semi arid ) areas and on shallow soils of various textures (sandy clay loam, sandy clay, clay and loam). The studies were meant to establish the effects of tillage and residue management practices on physico-chemical soil properties (i.e. structure, bulk density, soil moisture and organic matter contents), runoff and infiltration. This review emphasizes the importance of appropriate tillage and residue management methods (contour bunds and terraces, minimum tillage, tied ridging, mulching and conventional tillage) in providing soil conditions favourable for soil moisture conservation and subsequent crop performance and yield on smallholder farms. |
| 130 | 1986 | Thomas, D.B,; E.K.Biamah; A.M.Kilewe; L.Lundgren And B.O.Mochoge, Eds.(1986). Soil And Water Conservation In Kenya. Proceedings Of The Third National Workshop, Kabete, Nairobi, Kenya. September, 1986.
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This paper reviews some research studies on tillage methods influencing soil and moisture conservation in the eastern African countries of Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi and Ethiopia during the past four decades. Most of these studies were conducted in marginal rainfall (semi arid ) areas and on shallow soils of various textures (sandy clay loam, sandy clay, clay and loam). The studies were meant to establish the effects of tillage and residue management practices on physico-chemical soil properties (i.e. structure, bulk density, soil moisture and organic matter contents), runoff and infiltration. This review emphasizes the importance of appropriate tillage and residue management methods (contour bunds and terraces, minimum tillage, tied ridging, mulching and conventional tillage) in providing soil conditions favourable for soil moisture conservation and subsequent crop performance and yield on smallholder farms. |
| 131 | 1986 | Biamah, E.K.,(1986). Environmental Degradation And Conservation Within The Njemps Flats And Tugen Plateau Areas Of Central Baringo, Kenya. December,1986. Unpublished Report.
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This paper reviews some research studies on tillage methods influencing soil and moisture conservation in the eastern African countries of Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi and Ethiopia during the past four decades. Most of these studies were conducted in marginal rainfall (semi arid ) areas and on shallow soils of various textures (sandy clay loam, sandy clay, clay and loam). The studies were meant to establish the effects of tillage and residue management practices on physico-chemical soil properties (i.e. structure, bulk density, soil moisture and organic matter contents), runoff and infiltration. This review emphasizes the importance of appropriate tillage and residue management methods (contour bunds and terraces, minimum tillage, tied ridging, mulching and conventional tillage) in providing soil conditions favourable for soil moisture conservation and subsequent crop performance and yield on smallholder farms. |
| 132 | 1986 | Mwangi J.W. Guantai A.N., Muriuki G.m Essential Oil Of Plectrathus Marrubiodes Benth. Kenya J. Sci. Technnol (A 63 1986.
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| 133 | 1986 | "Entrepreneurship Development Policy In National Development: The Kenya Case." This Article Traces Kenya's Entrepreneurship Development Policy Through Its Development Plans Since Independence Upto Sessional Paper No. 1 Of 1986 On Economic Management For R
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Journal of the Institute of Certified Public Accountants of Kenya. (pages 13-15) |
| 134 | 1986 | Aetiology Of Liver Cirrhosis In Kenya. East Afr Med J. 1986 Nov;63(11):724-30.
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No abstract available. |
| 135 | 1986 | Rostom R. S, 1986: Surveying Education In Africa: State And Prospects. Presented Paper To The International Colloquium In Surveying And Mapping Education, Fredericton, Canada, June 1985, And (with Some Modification) To The Third Symposium On Geodesy In Af
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| 136 | 1986 | Rostom R. S, 1985: Surveying Education At The University Of Nairobi With Emphasis On The Foundation Courses. Presented Paper To The Colloquium On Surveying And Mapping Education, Fredericton, Canada, June 1985
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| 137 | 1986 | Rostom R. S, 1986: Surveying In Developing Kenya: The Role And The Prospects. Inaugural Lecture, University Of Nairobi, January 1986
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| 138 | 1986 | The Nutritional And Fermentation Aspects Of
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Nine patients with acute liver failure due to Plasmodium falciparum liver injury admitted to the Rajgarhia Liver Unit of the All-India Institute of Medical Sciences during 1982-84 are presented. The liver was palpable in all the patients, and eight had splenomegaly. Investigations revealed mild to moderate abnormality in liver function tests. All were negative for the markers of acute infection due to hepatitis A and B viruses. Blood film examination showed P. falciparum alone in seven and along with P. vivax in the remaining two patients. Liver histology, which was identical in all eight patients where liver biopsy was done, showed centrizonal necrosis and hyperplastic Kupffer cells loaded with malarial pigment. All the patients recovered with specific anti-malarial and supportive treatment. Our observations suggest that malaria due to P. falciparum may present as jaundice and encephalopathy which stimulates acute hepatic failure due to fulminant hepatitis. |
| 139 | 1986 | Mwangi, R. W. (1986). Distribution And Biological Characteristics Of Apis Mellifera Varietieb In Kenya. Apimodia. 30, 115-1 18.
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| 140 | 1986 | Kinuthia, M. W. And Mwangi, R.W. (1986). The Natural Enemiesof Iceryapattersoni (Newst) In A Coffee Estate. Kenya Coffee Bull. 51, 351-352.
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| 141 | 1986 | Mwangi, R.W. And Rembold, H. (1986). Growth-regulating Activity Of Melia Volkensii Extracts On The Larvae Of Aedes Aegypti.
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| 142 | 1986 | GUTHUA, S.W.: Les SIDA Concerne-t-ic Le Dentiste? Dent.pour. Ent. Journal, Quebec, Vol 10:10-7, 1986.
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Analysis of 355 cases with fractures of the mandible indicated that 74.9% of the cases were due to interpersonal violence and 13.8% were caused by road traffic accidents. The men to women ratio was 8.4:1 and 75.5% of the fracture cases had single fractures while 24.5% had multiple fractures. In cases with a single fracture, the most commonly involved mandibular site was the body (42.2%). The angle of mandible was most frequently fractured (50.5%) in cases with multiple fractures. |
| 143 | 1986 | Ndinya-Achola JO, Darrell JH. Epidemiological Markers Of Klebsiella Infecting Hospital Patients. E.A. Med. J. 63: 22 - 28. 1986
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OBJECTIVE–To determine the efficacy of the nonoxynol 9 contraceptive sponge in preventing sexual acquisition of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). DESIGN–Prospective, randomized placebo-controlled trial. SETTING–Research clinic for prostitutes in Nairobi, Kenya. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS–One hundred thirty-eight HIV-seronegative women were enrolled, of whom 74 were assigned to nonoxynol 9 sponge use and 64 to placebo use. These two groups did not significantly differ with respect to demographic characteristics, sexual practices, or prevalence of genital infections at enrollment, except for a lower number of sex partners per week and a higher initial prevalence of genital ulcers among women assigned to nonoxynol 9 sponge use. Among the 116 women who returned for follow-up, the mean durations of follow-up were 14 and 17 months for the two groups, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE–HIV seroconversion. RESULTS–Nonoxynol 9 sponge use was associated with an increased frequency of genital ulcers (relative risk [RR], 3.3; P less than .0001) and vulvitis (RR, 3.3; P less than .0001) and a reduced risk of gonococcal cervicitis (RR, 0.4; P less than .0001). Twenty-seven (45%) of 60 women in the nonoxynol 9 sponge group and 20 (36%) of 56 women in the placebo group developed HIV antibodies. The hazard ratio for the association between nonoxynol 9 sponge use and HIV seroconversion was 1.7 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.9 to 3.0). Using multivariate analysis to control for the presence of genital ulcers at enrollment, the adjusted hazard ratio for the association between nonoxynol 9 sponge use and seroconversion was 1.6 (95% CI, 0.8 to 2.8). CONCLUSIONS–Genital ulcers and vulvitis occurred with increased frequency in nonoxynol 9 sponge users. We were unable to demonstrate that nonoxynol 9 sponge use was effective in reducing the risk of HIV infection among highly exposed women. |
| 144 | 1986 | Kreiss JK, Koech D, Plummer FA, Holmes KK, Lightfoote M, Ronald AR, Ndinya-Achola JO, D'Costa LJ, Roberts P, Ngugi EN, Quinn TC. AIDS Virus Infection In Nairobi Prostitutes: Spread Of The Epidemic To East Africa. New Engl. J. Med. Vol. 314: 414 -418,1986
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OBJECTIVE–To determine the efficacy of the nonoxynol 9 contraceptive sponge in preventing sexual acquisition of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). DESIGN–Prospective, randomized placebo-controlled trial. SETTING–Research clinic for prostitutes in Nairobi, Kenya. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS–One hundred thirty-eight HIV-seronegative women were enrolled, of whom 74 were assigned to nonoxynol 9 sponge use and 64 to placebo use. These two groups did not significantly differ with respect to demographic characteristics, sexual practices, or prevalence of genital infections at enrollment, except for a lower number of sex partners per week and a higher initial prevalence of genital ulcers among women assigned to nonoxynol 9 sponge use. Among the 116 women who returned for follow-up, the mean durations of follow-up were 14 and 17 months for the two groups, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE–HIV seroconversion. RESULTS–Nonoxynol 9 sponge use was associated with an increased frequency of genital ulcers (relative risk [RR], 3.3; P less than .0001) and vulvitis (RR, 3.3; P less than .0001) and a reduced risk of gonococcal cervicitis (RR, 0.4; P less than .0001). Twenty-seven (45%) of 60 women in the nonoxynol 9 sponge group and 20 (36%) of 56 women in the placebo group developed HIV antibodies. The hazard ratio for the association between nonoxynol 9 sponge use and HIV seroconversion was 1.7 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.9 to 3.0). Using multivariate analysis to control for the presence of genital ulcers at enrollment, the adjusted hazard ratio for the association between nonoxynol 9 sponge use and seroconversion was 1.6 (95% CI, 0.8 to 2.8). CONCLUSIONS–Genital ulcers and vulvitis occurred with increased frequency in nonoxynol 9 sponge users. We were unable to demonstrate that nonoxynol 9 sponge use was effective in reducing the risk of HIV infection among highly exposed women. |
| 145 | 1986 | D'Costa LJ, Ndinya-Achola Haase D, Fransen L, Nsanze H. Treatment Of PPNG With Regimens Involving Augmentin With Or Without Probenecid, And Penicillin + Probenecid With Or Without A Small Dose Of Augmentin. Afr. J. Sex. Trans. Dis. Vol. 2: No. 1, 1986
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OBJECTIVE–To determine the efficacy of the nonoxynol 9 contraceptive sponge in preventing sexual acquisition of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). DESIGN–Prospective, randomized placebo-controlled trial. SETTING–Research clinic for prostitutes in Nairobi, Kenya. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS–One hundred thirty-eight HIV-seronegative women were enrolled, of whom 74 were assigned to nonoxynol 9 sponge use and 64 to placebo use. These two groups did not significantly differ with respect to demographic characteristics, sexual practices, or prevalence of genital infections at enrollment, except for a lower number of sex partners per week and a higher initial prevalence of genital ulcers among women assigned to nonoxynol 9 sponge use. Among the 116 women who returned for follow-up, the mean durations of follow-up were 14 and 17 months for the two groups, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE–HIV seroconversion. RESULTS–Nonoxynol 9 sponge use was associated with an increased frequency of genital ulcers (relative risk [RR], 3.3; P less than .0001) and vulvitis (RR, 3.3; P less than .0001) and a reduced risk of gonococcal cervicitis (RR, 0.4; P less than .0001). Twenty-seven (45%) of 60 women in the nonoxynol 9 sponge group and 20 (36%) of 56 women in the placebo group developed HIV antibodies. The hazard ratio for the association between nonoxynol 9 sponge use and HIV seroconversion was 1.7 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.9 to 3.0). Using multivariate analysis to control for the presence of genital ulcers at enrollment, the adjusted hazard ratio for the association between nonoxynol 9 sponge use and seroconversion was 1.6 (95% CI, 0.8 to 2.8). CONCLUSIONS–Genital ulcers and vulvitis occurred with increased frequency in nonoxynol 9 sponge users. We were unable to demonstrate that nonoxynol 9 sponge use was effective in reducing the risk of HIV infection among highly exposed women. |
| 146 | 1986 | Laga M, Namaara W, Brunham RC, Brunham RC, D'Costa LJ, Nsanze H, Piot P, Kummoto D, Ndinya-Achola JO, Slaney L, Ronald AR, Plummer FA. Single Dose Therapy Of Gonococcal Ophthalmia With Ceftriaxone. N. Engl. J. Med. 315: 1382 - 85, 1986
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OBJECTIVE–To determine the efficacy of the nonoxynol 9 contraceptive sponge in preventing sexual acquisition of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). DESIGN–Prospective, randomized placebo-controlled trial. SETTING–Research clinic for prostitutes in Nairobi, Kenya. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS–One hundred thirty-eight HIV-seronegative women were enrolled, of whom 74 were assigned to nonoxynol 9 sponge use and 64 to placebo use. These two groups did not significantly differ with respect to demographic characteristics, sexual practices, or prevalence of genital infections at enrollment, except for a lower number of sex partners per week and a higher initial prevalence of genital ulcers among women assigned to nonoxynol 9 sponge use. Among the 116 women who returned for follow-up, the mean durations of follow-up were 14 and 17 months for the two groups, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE–HIV seroconversion. RESULTS–Nonoxynol 9 sponge use was associated with an increased frequency of genital ulcers (relative risk [RR], 3.3; P less than .0001) and vulvitis (RR, 3.3; P less than .0001) and a reduced risk of gonococcal cervicitis (RR, 0.4; P less than .0001). Twenty-seven (45%) of 60 women in the nonoxynol 9 sponge group and 20 (36%) of 56 women in the placebo group developed HIV antibodies. The hazard ratio for the association between nonoxynol 9 sponge use and HIV seroconversion was 1.7 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.9 to 3.0). Using multivariate analysis to control for the presence of genital ulcers at enrollment, the adjusted hazard ratio for the association between nonoxynol 9 sponge use and seroconversion was 1.6 (95% CI, 0.8 to 2.8). CONCLUSIONS–Genital ulcers and vulvitis occurred with increased frequency in nonoxynol 9 sponge users. We were unable to demonstrate that nonoxynol 9 sponge use was effective in reducing the risk of HIV infection among highly exposed women. |
| 147 | 1986 | Lubwama SW, Plummer F, Ndinya-Achola JO, Nsanze H, Namaara W, D'Costa LJ. Isolation And Identification Of H. Ducreyi In A Clinical Laboratory. J. Med. Microbiol. 22: 175 - 178, 1986
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OBJECTIVE–To determine the efficacy of the nonoxynol 9 contraceptive sponge in preventing sexual acquisition of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). DESIGN–Prospective, randomized placebo-controlled trial. SETTING–Research clinic for prostitutes in Nairobi, Kenya. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS–One hundred thirty-eight HIV-seronegative women were enrolled, of whom 74 were assigned to nonoxynol 9 sponge use and 64 to placebo use. These two groups did not significantly differ with respect to demographic characteristics, sexual practices, or prevalence of genital infections at enrollment, except for a lower number of sex partners per week and a higher initial prevalence of genital ulcers among women assigned to nonoxynol 9 sponge use. Among the 116 women who returned for follow-up, the mean durations of follow-up were 14 and 17 months for the two groups, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE–HIV seroconversion. RESULTS–Nonoxynol 9 sponge use was associated with an increased frequency of genital ulcers (relative risk [RR], 3.3; P less than .0001) and vulvitis (RR, 3.3; P less than .0001) and a reduced risk of gonococcal cervicitis (RR, 0.4; P less than .0001). Twenty-seven (45%) of 60 women in the nonoxynol 9 sponge group and 20 (36%) of 56 women in the placebo group developed HIV antibodies. The hazard ratio for the association between nonoxynol 9 sponge use and HIV seroconversion was 1.7 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.9 to 3.0). Using multivariate analysis to control for the presence of genital ulcers at enrollment, the adjusted hazard ratio for the association between nonoxynol 9 sponge use and seroconversion was 1.6 (95% CI, 0.8 to 2.8). CONCLUSIONS–Genital ulcers and vulvitis occurred with increased frequency in nonoxynol 9 sponge users. We were unable to demonstrate that nonoxynol 9 sponge use was effective in reducing the risk of HIV infection among highly exposed women. |
| 148 | 1986 | Haase DA, Ndinya-Achola JO, Nash RA, D'Costa LJ, Hazlett D, Lubwama S, Nsanze H, Ronald AR. Clinical Evaluation Of Rosoxacin For The Treatment Of Chancroid. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother 30(1) 39 - 41, 1986
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OBJECTIVE–To determine the efficacy of the nonoxynol 9 contraceptive sponge in preventing sexual acquisition of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). DESIGN–Prospective, randomized placebo-controlled trial. SETTING–Research clinic for prostitutes in Nairobi, Kenya. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS–One hundred thirty-eight HIV-seronegative women were enrolled, of whom 74 were assigned to nonoxynol 9 sponge use and 64 to placebo use. These two groups did not significantly differ with respect to demographic characteristics, sexual practices, or prevalence of genital infections at enrollment, except for a lower number of sex partners per week and a higher initial prevalence of genital ulcers among women assigned to nonoxynol 9 sponge use. Among the 116 women who returned for follow-up, the mean durations of follow-up were 14 and 17 months for the two groups, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE–HIV seroconversion. RESULTS–Nonoxynol 9 sponge use was associated with an increased frequency of genital ulcers (relative risk [RR], 3.3; P less than .0001) and vulvitis (RR, 3.3; P less than .0001) and a reduced risk of gonococcal cervicitis (RR, 0.4; P less than .0001). Twenty-seven (45%) of 60 women in the nonoxynol 9 sponge group and 20 (36%) of 56 women in the placebo group developed HIV antibodies. The hazard ratio for the association between nonoxynol 9 sponge use and HIV seroconversion was 1.7 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.9 to 3.0). Using multivariate analysis to control for the presence of genital ulcers at enrollment, the adjusted hazard ratio for the association between nonoxynol 9 sponge use and seroconversion was 1.6 (95% CI, 0.8 to 2.8). CONCLUSIONS–Genital ulcers and vulvitis occurred with increased frequency in nonoxynol 9 sponge users. We were unable to demonstrate that nonoxynol 9 sponge use was effective in reducing the risk of HIV infection among highly exposed women. |
| 149 | 1986 | Laga M, Plummer FA, Nsanze H, Namaara W, Brunham RC, Ndinya-Achola JO, Maitha G, Ronald AR, D'Costa LJ, Bhullar V, Mati JY, Fransen L, Cheang M, Piot P.Epidemiology Of Ophthalmia Neonatorum In Kenya. Lancet Ii: 1145 - 1149, 1986
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OBJECTIVE–To determine the efficacy of the nonoxynol 9 contraceptive sponge in preventing sexual acquisition of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). DESIGN–Prospective, randomized placebo-controlled trial. SETTING–Research clinic for prostitutes in Nairobi, Kenya. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS–One hundred thirty-eight HIV-seronegative women were enrolled, of whom 74 were assigned to nonoxynol 9 sponge use and 64 to placebo use. These two groups did not significantly differ with respect to demographic characteristics, sexual practices, or prevalence of genital infections at enrollment, except for a lower number of sex partners per week and a higher initial prevalence of genital ulcers among women assigned to nonoxynol 9 sponge use. Among the 116 women who returned for follow-up, the mean durations of follow-up were 14 and 17 months for the two groups, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE–HIV seroconversion. RESULTS–Nonoxynol 9 sponge use was associated with an increased frequency of genital ulcers (relative risk [RR], 3.3; P less than .0001) and vulvitis (RR, 3.3; P less than .0001) and a reduced risk of gonococcal cervicitis (RR, 0.4; P less than .0001). Twenty-seven (45%) of 60 women in the nonoxynol 9 sponge group and 20 (36%) of 56 women in the placebo group developed HIV antibodies. The hazard ratio for the association between nonoxynol 9 sponge use and HIV seroconversion was 1.7 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.9 to 3.0). Using multivariate analysis to control for the presence of genital ulcers at enrollment, the adjusted hazard ratio for the association between nonoxynol 9 sponge use and seroconversion was 1.6 (95% CI, 0.8 to 2.8). CONCLUSIONS–Genital ulcers and vulvitis occurred with increased frequency in nonoxynol 9 sponge users. We were unable to demonstrate that nonoxynol 9 sponge use was effective in reducing the risk of HIV infection among highly exposed women. |
| 150 | 1986 | Lubwama SW, Plummer FA, Ndinya-Achola J, Nsanze H, Namaara W, D'Costa LJ, Ronald AR.Isolation And Identification Of Haemophilus Ducreyi In A Clinical Laboratory.J Med Microbiol. 1986 Sep;22(2):175-8.
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Routine procedures used to isolate Haemophilus ducreyi in a busy laboratory are reported. Identification was based on colony morphology and nutritional and biochemical properties of 120 fresh isolates of H. ducreyi. These isolates grew very well on Gonococcal Agar and Mueller-Hinton Agar incubated at 34 degrees C in candle extinction jars containing moistened filter paper. Colonies varied in size, giving a polymorphic appearance. They were smooth, dome-shaped, and buff-yellow to grey in colour, and measured 2 mm in diameter. They could be pushed intact across the agar surface. By microscopic examination of gram-stained smears the isolates were gram-negative coccobacilli arranged in short chains, clumps or whorls and occasionally in typical "rail track" arrangements. Individual bacteria showed bipolar staining. Colonies autoagglutinated in saline. All strains were catalase-negative and did not produce indole or H2S. They were oxidase- and beta-lactamase positive and required X but not V factor for growth. Now that reliable techniques have been developed and characteristics established it is possible for most clinical laboratories to isolate and identify this organism from most patients with chancroid. |
| 151 | 1986 | Lubwama SW, Nsanze H, Plummer F, Ndinya-Achola J, Ronald AR, D'Costa LJ, Naamara W, Maitha G.Laboratory Diagnosis Of Chancroid In Nairobi, Kenya. East Afr Med J. 1986 Jun;63(6):389-94.
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Routine procedures used to isolate Haemophilus ducreyi in a busy laboratory are reported. Identification was based on colony morphology and nutritional and biochemical properties of 120 fresh isolates of H. ducreyi. These isolates grew very well on Gonococcal Agar and Mueller-Hinton Agar incubated at 34 degrees C in candle extinction jars containing moistened filter paper. Colonies varied in size, giving a polymorphic appearance. They were smooth, dome-shaped, and buff-yellow to grey in colour, and measured 2 mm in diameter. They could be pushed intact across the agar surface. By microscopic examination of gram-stained smears the isolates were gram-negative coccobacilli arranged in short chains, clumps or whorls and occasionally in typical "rail track" arrangements. Individual bacteria showed bipolar staining. Colonies autoagglutinated in saline. All strains were catalase-negative and did not produce indole or H2S. They were oxidase- and beta-lactamase positive and required X but not V factor for growth. Now that reliable techniques have been developed and characteristics established it is possible for most clinical laboratories to isolate and identify this organism from most patients with chancroid. |
| 152 | 1986 | Adwok, J.A., Urethral Strictures At The Kenyatta National Hospital.
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The decision to pay out earnings or retain dividends has been a subject of debate for many scholars. The effect of dividend on the firm value and cost of capital have been covered in attempt to resolve the dividend puzzle. This research paper tests the applicability of constant dividend model by companies listed at the Nairobi stock exchange. Data was collected from annual reports and share price schedules obtained from Nairobi stock exchange and Capital market Authority for a population of 20 companies that paid dividends consistently from 2002 to 2008. The data was then analyzed by re-computing the dividends that should have been paid if the dividend constant model was applied. This recomputed figure was later compared to the dividend as paid out by the companies thought the years of study. Paired sample t-test statistic was also performed to determine whether there is a significant difference between the two dividend figures. The findings of the research established that the dividend model was not employed by the companies listed at the Nairobi stock exchange. Most firms instead adopted stable and predictable policy where a specific amount of dividend per share each year was paid periodically. In some years there was a slight adjustment of the dividend paid after an increase in earnings, but only by a sustainable amount. The study shows that the relationship between the stock market prices and the dividend paid from the constant dividend model is uneven from one year to another and where there was a relationship it was insignificant. Though a share would be highly priced, a high dividend per share was not always declared. |
| 153 | 1986 | Adwok, J.A., Treatment Of Urethral Strictures.
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The decision to pay out earnings or retain dividends has been a subject of debate for many scholars. The effect of dividend on the firm value and cost of capital have been covered in attempt to resolve the dividend puzzle. This research paper tests the applicability of constant dividend model by companies listed at the Nairobi stock exchange. Data was collected from annual reports and share price schedules obtained from Nairobi stock exchange and Capital market Authority for a population of 20 companies that paid dividends consistently from 2002 to 2008. The data was then analyzed by re-computing the dividends that should have been paid if the dividend constant model was applied. This recomputed figure was later compared to the dividend as paid out by the companies thought the years of study. Paired sample t-test statistic was also performed to determine whether there is a significant difference between the two dividend figures. The findings of the research established that the dividend model was not employed by the companies listed at the Nairobi stock exchange. Most firms instead adopted stable and predictable policy where a specific amount of dividend per share each year was paid periodically. In some years there was a slight adjustment of the dividend paid after an increase in earnings, but only by a sustainable amount. The study shows that the relationship between the stock market prices and the dividend paid from the constant dividend model is uneven from one year to another and where there was a relationship it was insignificant. Though a share would be highly priced, a high dividend per share was not always declared. |
| 154 | 1986 | ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN CHICKEN FAT: A SURVEY
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| 155 | 1986 | ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN CHICKEN EGGS: A SURVEY
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| 156 | 1986 | Imungi, J.K. And Siegenthaler, E.J. 1986. Manpower Survey Of The Food Industry In Kenya. Report Prepared For Directorate Of Personnel Management (DPM), Kenya.
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Twenty variceal banding sessions were performed in eight patients between February 1995 and September 1996. A total of 69 rings were used to band the varices and at each session between two to six rings were used. Two of the eight had active bleeding and both underwent variceal banding to successfully arrest their bleeding as inpatients. Sixteen other variceal banding sessions were performed on an outpatient basis to obliterate their varices. Four of the eight patients had had sclerotherapy before and varices were still present. No acute or long term complications were noted. In one patient, variceal banding could not be performed as he developed stridor upon placement of the overtube. All the patients had advanced varices (Grade III or IV) and extended for more than 15 cms in the oesophagus. Endoscopic variceal obliteration remains the treatment of choice for patients with portal hypertension with variceal bleeding. Variceal banding is associated with a superior outcome when compared with sclerotherapy; the variceal kill time is shorter, infective complications less, rebleeding occurs less commonly and transfusion requirements are lower. |
| 157 | 1986 | Imungi, J.K. 1986. Cassava In Kenya: Consumption, Cyanide Contents, Toxicity. Presented In EURO FOOD TOX II, Zurich, Switzerland, And 15- 18 October 1986.
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Twenty variceal banding sessions were performed in eight patients between February 1995 and September 1996. A total of 69 rings were used to band the varices and at each session between two to six rings were used. Two of the eight had active bleeding and both underwent variceal banding to successfully arrest their bleeding as inpatients. Sixteen other variceal banding sessions were performed on an outpatient basis to obliterate their varices. Four of the eight patients had had sclerotherapy before and varices were still present. No acute or long term complications were noted. In one patient, variceal banding could not be performed as he developed stridor upon placement of the overtube. All the patients had advanced varices (Grade III or IV) and extended for more than 15 cms in the oesophagus. Endoscopic variceal obliteration remains the treatment of choice for patients with portal hypertension with variceal bleeding. Variceal banding is associated with a superior outcome when compared with sclerotherapy; the variceal kill time is shorter, infective complications less, rebleeding occurs less commonly and transfusion requirements are lower. |
| 158 | 1986 | Kiptoon J. C.:
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| 159 | 1986 | Impact Of Bank Failures An Economic Development In Kenya.
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The human body louse, Pediculus humanus, showed eighteen midgut proteins ranging between 12 and 117 kDa, when analysed by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. Seven of them (12 kDa, 17 kDa, 29 kDa, 35 kDa, 40 kDa, 55 kDa and 97 kDa) were major bands based on their intensity of staining. The immunization of rabbits with a midgut extract elicited the production of protective polyclonal antibodies. These antibodies reacted strongly with all major midgut proteins as well as with 63 kDa and 117 kDa proteins when tested by the Western blot technique. The analysis of the proteins revealed that the 12 kDa, 25 kDa, 29 kDa, 35 kDa, 45 kDa, 87 kDa and 97 kDa proteins are glycosylated and none of them contained a lipid moiety. By electroelution, the proteins of 35 kDa and 63 kDa were purified. On trypsinization, the proteins of 35 kDa and 63 kDa produced four major fragments (F1, F2, F3, and F4) when resolved on a 18% SDS-PAGE. The F1 fragment of the 35 kDa protein reacted with the polyclonal antibodies by the immunoblot technique.
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| 160 | 1986 | Karanja D.S And Gichuru M. Report Of The Pharmaceutical Services Review Committee
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| 161 | 1986 | Njoka J. T. 1986: The History Of University Range Education In Kenya: In Range Development And Research In Kenya (pages 393-397). Edited By Richard M. Hansen, Benson M. Woie, R. Dennis Child. Winrock International Institute For Agricultural Development IS
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| 162 | 1986 | Menstrual Regulation In Nairobi Between October 1982 And October 1985.
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PIP: The efficacy and complication rate of menstrual regulation with the hand-held Karman cannula was tested on 223 women with amenorrhea up to 56 days in the Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nairobi, Kenya from October 1982-January 1983. 195 women had positive pregnancy tests, while menstrual regulation was done on the others because of concern over late menses. the procedures were done without anesthesia with a 50 ml vacuum syringe fitted with a self-locking plunger, a rubber adaptor and stop cock, 5-8 mm flexible plastic Karman cannula and a toothless volsellum, using hibitane solution and savlon antiseptic. The average procedure time was 7 minutes. Bleeding lasted over 1 week in 4%, total blood loss was over 50 ml in 3.1%, and immediate side effects were syncope in 1.3%, nausea and vomiting in 1.8% and pain in 5.4%. There were 2 (0.8%) cases of endometritis. In Kenya where 60% of all gynecological hospital admissions are for septic abortions, it is essential to provide safe termination as a backup for family planning method failures. |
| 163 | 1986 | Focal Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Choreoathetosis Preceding The Development Of Steele-Richardson-Olszewski Syndrome. A. M. Adam, And D.A.O. Orinda, J. Neurology, Neurosurgery And Psychiatry, 1986; 49: 957- 959.
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Dept. of Human Pathol., Univ. of Nairobi, Kenya. PMID: 3180436 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
| 164 | 1986 | 7.
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No abstract available. PMID: 11957248 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
| 165 | 1986 | With Rottaland, F. The Suba Of Kenya: A Case Of Growing Ethnicity With Receding Languages Competence.' In AAP Vol. 1, 115-126
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isolated from preterm neonates during the outbreak of gastroenteritis in hospital in Nairobi, Kenya, were resistance to trimethoprin-sulfathoxaxole, Chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline and ampicilin, but only a few strains were resistant to cefazolin, cefamandole, cefataximine, amikacin and nalidixic acid. Fourteen different antimicrobial resistance patterns were observed in the 229 strains of E.coli analyzed. Eighty-two percent of the EPEC strains belonged to two resistance patterns. There was no consistent relationship between palsmid profile group and antimicrobial resistance pattern, although one resistance pattern was more frequently observed in EAF-positive strins belonging to the dominant plasmid profile group. Nine percent of the EPEC strins were resistant to gentamicin compared to 37% in the non-EPEC group. No correlation was observed between administration of gentamicin and percentage of resistant strains isolated. None of the nine neonates receiving gentamicin died during the outbreak. Gentamicin resistance was observed in E.coli strains from six out of these nine neonates. Five out of fourteen neonates who received other antimicrobials, or no antibiotic at all, died.
Key words: Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli; antimicrobial resistance; |
| 166 | 1986 | Kaimenyi, J.T., And Ashley, F.P. (1986). Assessment Of Bone Loss In Chronic Periodontitis From Panoramic Radiographs. Abstract. Journal Of Dental Research 65: 501.
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No abstract available. PMID: 3333346 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
| 167 | 1986 | Kaimenyi, J.T. Job Satisfaction Among Dentists In The Public And Private Sectors In Kenya. Medicus 5:4-5.
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No abstract available. PMID: 3333346 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
| 168 | 1986 | Kaimenyi, J.T. (1986). Periodontal Abscess
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No abstract available. PMID: 3333346 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
| 169 | 1986 | Kaimenyi, J.T (1986). Filling The Gaps In Services. Africa Health 8:24-25
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No abstract available. PMID: 6535699 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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| 170 | 1986 | "The African Agrarian Crisis: Its Nature And Pathology",
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The identification of five novel compounds, pseudo-erythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 8,9-anhydro-pseudo-erythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 8,9-anhydro-pseudo-N-demethylerythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 5-O-beta-D-desosaminylerythronolide A and 15-nor-erythromycin C, in mother liquor concentrates of Streptomyces erythraeus is described. The pseudo-erythromycin derivatives are characterized by a 12-membered macrocyclic ring as a result of C13––C11 trans-lactonization. The five compounds have very little antimicrobial activity. |
| 171 | 1986 | "An Autonomous Legal Framework For The Cooperative Mobilisation Of Personal Savings For Development", A Paper For The Second Cooperative Commissioners Conference Convened By The African Confederation Of Cooperative Savings And Credit Associations (ACOSCA)
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The identification of five novel compounds, pseudo-erythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 8,9-anhydro-pseudo-erythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 8,9-anhydro-pseudo-N-demethylerythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 5-O-beta-D-desosaminylerythronolide A and 15-nor-erythromycin C, in mother liquor concentrates of Streptomyces erythraeus is described. The pseudo-erythromycin derivatives are characterized by a 12-membered macrocyclic ring as a result of C13––C11 trans-lactonization. The five compounds have very little antimicrobial activity. |
| 172 | 1986 | "Tenure Issues In Spontaneous Settlement"; A Paper For UNCHS International Seminar On Spontaneous Land Settlements In Rural Regions; Issues And Opportunities, November 11-20. Nairobi, Kenya
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The identification of five novel compounds, pseudo-erythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 8,9-anhydro-pseudo-erythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 8,9-anhydro-pseudo-N-demethylerythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 5-O-beta-D-desosaminylerythronolide A and 15-nor-erythromycin C, in mother liquor concentrates of Streptomyces erythraeus is described. The pseudo-erythromycin derivatives are characterized by a 12-membered macrocyclic ring as a result of C13––C11 trans-lactonization. The five compounds have very little antimicrobial activity. |
| 173 | 1986 | L.C. Iniguez, G.E. Bradford And Okeyo A. Mwai. 1986. Lambing Date And Lambing Production Of Spring-mated Rambouillet, Dorset And Finn Sheep Ewes And Their F1 Crosses. .
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PIP: This research report studies several biochemical and histochemical aspects of cervical carcinoma and explores their use in follow-up of patients undergoing radiotherapy. Material came from 19 patients with invasive cervical carcinoma admitted to Kenyatta National Hospital. A control group consisted of 20 women matched for age who attended clinics at the hospital but were not suffering from any malignant disease; control tissue for histological examination was obtained from 3 women who had undergone hysterectomy for uterine fibroids. Biochemical assays for alkaline and acid phosphatases in patients with cervical carcinoma show an increase in alkaline phosphatase in carcinomatous tissue (35.7 umoles/hr/mg) as opposed to normal tissue (7.2). Acid phosphatase values were only moderately raised. Assays of the same enzymes in blood showed a less marked difference between patients and controls (ranges of 7.5-20.8 and 3-14, respectively). When examined histochemically, increased alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in connective tissue, epithelium of the glands and blood capillaries of tumor tissue. 1 section containing normal tissue bordering carcinomatous tissue demonstrated normal alkaline phosphatase activity in the normal tissue and increased activity in the tumor tissue. In summary, there is increased enzyme activity around the tumor areas, but values for serum levels show an overlap of normal and abnormal cases and are therefore not predictive. Results demonstrate a clear difference in activities of these enzymes in carcinomatous tissue and normal tissue, which may be of value in follow-up care. |
| 174 | 1986 | Nganga, J. K., And Ngugi, G. K. 1986: Some Features Of Aitken Nuclei In Nairobi, Atmospheric Environment Vol. 20: No. 4, Pp. 793 - 796.
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| 175 | 1986 | Nganga, J. K., 1986: Meteorological Aspects Of Gaussian Diffusion Modelling In Tropical Areas (A Case Study). Proceedings Of WMO Conference On Air Pollution Modelling And Its Application, Leningrad, USSR. 19 - 24 May, 1986. WMO, Environmental Pollution Mo
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| 176 | 1986 | Nganga, J. K., And Ngugi, G. K., 1986: The Influence Of Weather On Measles And Pneumonia In Nairobi. Proceedings Of The WMO/WHO/UNEP Symposium On Climate And Human Health, Leningrad USSR, 22-26 September, 1986, Special World Climate Programme, Application
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| 177 | 1986 | Nganga, J.K., And Ngugi, G. K, 1986: Indices Of Comfort In Some Towns In Kenya, W. Pp. 190- 199.
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| 178 | 1986 | Mbindyo, J.M. "Media Coverage Of Health Issues In Kenya: Analytical Observations".
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Two groups of 6 rats each received subcutaneous injections of 2.3 mg/kg or 5.0 mg/kg of quinuronium, respectively, on two consecutive days, while 5 rats injected with physiological saline served as controls. Clinical signs of muscular tremors, jumps, enlarged and hyperemic eyeballs, lacrimation, depression and anorexia were observed following administration of quinuronium. One rat receiving 5 mg/kg died before termination of the study. When killed 48 h after the first injection, the quinuronium-treated rats had a higher liver weight/body weight ratio compared to the controls. Quinuronium resulted in hepatic centrilobular fatty degeneration, but no depletion of hepatic glutathione (GSH). The present findings suggest that glutathione depletion does not seem to be involved in quinuronium hepatotoxicity |
| 179 | 1986 | Mbindyo, J.M. "Mass Media Training Needs For Rural Journalism In The 1990's And Beyond."
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Two groups of 6 rats each received subcutaneous injections of 2.3 mg/kg or 5.0 mg/kg of quinuronium, respectively, on two consecutive days, while 5 rats injected with physiological saline served as controls. Clinical signs of muscular tremors, jumps, enlarged and hyperemic eyeballs, lacrimation, depression and anorexia were observed following administration of quinuronium. One rat receiving 5 mg/kg died before termination of the study. When killed 48 h after the first injection, the quinuronium-treated rats had a higher liver weight/body weight ratio compared to the controls. Quinuronium resulted in hepatic centrilobular fatty degeneration, but no depletion of hepatic glutathione (GSH). The present findings suggest that glutathione depletion does not seem to be involved in quinuronium hepatotoxicity |
| 180 | 1986 | Mbindyo, J.M. "Culture, Communication And Peace"
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Two groups of 6 rats each received subcutaneous injections of 2.3 mg/kg or 5.0 mg/kg of quinuronium, respectively, on two consecutive days, while 5 rats injected with physiological saline served as controls. Clinical signs of muscular tremors, jumps, enlarged and hyperemic eyeballs, lacrimation, depression and anorexia were observed following administration of quinuronium. One rat receiving 5 mg/kg died before termination of the study. When killed 48 h after the first injection, the quinuronium-treated rats had a higher liver weight/body weight ratio compared to the controls. Quinuronium resulted in hepatic centrilobular fatty degeneration, but no depletion of hepatic glutathione (GSH). The present findings suggest that glutathione depletion does not seem to be involved in quinuronium hepatotoxicity |
| 181 | 1986 | GOMBE, S. & ODUOR-OKELO, D. & O
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Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with corn oil or 5 mg, 20 mg, 25 mg or 30 mg per kg body weight of heptachlor solution every other day for up to 18 days. The rats were killed at the end of the experimental period, and blood samples were assayed for progesterone and oestrogen by radioimmunoassay. Ovarian cells from the rats were isolated and incubated either on their own, or in the presence of LH or FSH, and production of progesterone and oestrogen determined. Control incubations consisted of cells from corn oil-treated rats. The latter were also incubated on their own or in the presence of LH or FSH. Heptachlor significantly suppressed blood progesterone and oestradiol levels (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001), the degree of suppression depending on the dose and the stage of the oestrous cycle in which samples were obtained. Production of oestradiol by ovarian cells from heptachlor-treated rats was lower than for corn oil-treated controls. Cells from rats treated with low doses of heptachlor (5 mg per kg body weight) showed an increased production of progesterone, while high doses (> 20 mg per kg body weight) suppressed production. |
| 182 | 1986 | WAINDI, E. N., GOMBE, S. & ODUOR-OKELO, D. (1986). D. Plasma Testosterone In Trypanosoma Conglense Infected Togernburg Goats. Archives Androl. 17: 9-17.
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Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with corn oil or 5 mg, 20 mg, 25 mg or 30 mg per kg body weight of heptachlor solution every other day for up to 18 days. The rats were killed at the end of the experimental period, and blood samples were assayed for progesterone and oestrogen by radioimmunoassay. Ovarian cells from the rats were isolated and incubated either on their own, or in the presence of LH or FSH, and production of progesterone and oestrogen determined. Control incubations consisted of cells from corn oil-treated rats. The latter were also incubated on their own or in the presence of LH or FSH. Heptachlor significantly suppressed blood progesterone and oestradiol levels (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001), the degree of suppression depending on the dose and the stage of the oestrous cycle in which samples were obtained. Production of oestradiol by ovarian cells from heptachlor-treated rats was lower than for corn oil-treated controls. Cells from rats treated with low doses of heptachlor (5 mg per kg body weight) showed an increased production of progesterone, while high doses (> 20 mg per kg body weight) suppressed production. |
| 183 | 1986 | Meme J. S., Hillma D., Hillman E., Macleod S., Bwibo N. O. University Of Nairobi, Department Of Paediatrics: The McGill Legacy Clin. Invest. Med 9: 14 1986.
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A case of fanconi's anemia was referred to the Dental School from the Department of Pediatrics. The patient was a 24-year-old male and a product of a consanguineous marriage. His chief complaint was loose and falling teeth, which has started at the age of 16 years. The first teeth to fall out were the first permanent molars followed by mandibular and maxillary anteriors. General examination showed that the patient was of normal intelligence and small for his age. He had no palmar plantar hyperkeratosis and was not diabetic. A total of 19 teeth remained in the mouth, most of them with grade three mobility. The remaining molars and first maxillary premolars had grade three furcation involvement. Most of the teeth had periodontal pockets more than 10 mm deep. Full mouth intraoral periapical radiographs and orthopantomographic views showed severe horizontal bone loss uncommensurate with the patient's age. In view of the patient's history and severe bone loss at an early age, the diagnosis was juvenile periodontitis associated with Fanconi's anemia.
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| 184 | 1986 | Milk Hygiene In Nomadic Herds In Kenya Evaluated By Bacterial Isolation, Bacterial Viability Trials In Traditionally Fermenting Milk And Drug Sensitivity
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Microbial contamination of both fresh and fermented milk with Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus species and some non-identified bacilli was recorded. Brucella species were not isolated from any sample in this study. Streptococcus pyogenes survived in fermenting milk up to 96 hours but Staph. aureus only survived up to 9 hours. Milk fermentation markedly reduced bacterial load in the milk probably due to the low PH values, which ranged from 4.2 to 4.9.
Most of the bacteria recovered from both fresh and fermented milk samples were readily sensitive to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, streptomycin and kanamycin: sparingly sensitive to tetraclines but resistant to nitrofurantoin, suphafurazole and colistin sulphate. Multiple drug resistance involving upto 6 drugs was recorded among the organisms recovered from the milk samples. |
| 185 | 1986 | AN EVALUATION OF THE APPLICABILITY OF CROSSED IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS IN SEROEPIDEPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF HYDATID DISEASE IN LIVESTOCK
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| 186 | 1986 | SEROLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF HYDATID DISEASE BY ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA) USING PARTIALLY PURIFIED HYDATID CYST FLUID ANTIGENS
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Experimentally, two hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) antigens (antigens 4 and 5) were found to be the most immunogenic antigens in HCF. The two antigens were precipitated together from HCF. This was done by adding 2M phosphotungstic acid and 2M magnesium chloride pollutions to clarified HCF whilte continuously stirring the mixture. The precipitate formed was suspend in physiological saline (PS). This antigens solutions was used to coat microtitre plates fro indirect ELISA. Indirect ELISA was performed on 180 randomly selected bovine sera.
The sensitivity of the test was found to be 98% while the specificity was 70%. The predictive value was 89%. Although the specificity of the test was relatively low, the test using these partially purified antigens was found to be useful because of its high sensitivity. |
| 187 | 1986 | Gathuma, J.M. (1986). Control Of Protozoal Diseases In Eastern Africa; The Case For Environmental Considerations. Insect Sci. Appl. (3) 327
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Experimentally, two hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) antigens (antigens 4 and 5) were found to be the most immunogenic antigens in HCF. The two antigens were precipitated together from HCF. This was done by adding 2M phosphotungstic acid and 2M magnesium chloride pollutions to clarified HCF whilte continuously stirring the mixture. The precipitate formed was suspend in physiological saline (PS). This antigens solutions was used to coat microtitre plates fro indirect ELISA. Indirect ELISA was performed on 180 randomly selected bovine sera.
The sensitivity of the test was found to be 98% while the specificity was 70%. The predictive value was 89%. Although the specificity of the test was relatively low, the test using these partially purified antigens was found to be useful because of its high sensitivity. |
| 188 | 1986 | Njeruh, F.M., Gathuma, J.M. And Tumboh-Oeri, A.G. (1986). Diagnosis Of Hydatidosis In Kenya I. The Role Of Indirect Haemagglutination Test (IHA) Based On A Thermostable Antigen E. Afr. Med. J. 63 (5) 311
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Experimentally, two hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) antigens (antigens 4 and 5) were found to be the most immunogenic antigens in HCF. The two antigens were precipitated together from HCF. This was done by adding 2M phosphotungstic acid and 2M magnesium chloride pollutions to clarified HCF whilte continuously stirring the mixture. The precipitate formed was suspend in physiological saline (PS). This antigens solutions was used to coat microtitre plates fro indirect ELISA. Indirect ELISA was performed on 180 randomly selected bovine sera.
The sensitivity of the test was found to be 98% while the specificity was 70%. The predictive value was 89%. Although the specificity of the test was relatively low, the test using these partially purified antigens was found to be useful because of its high sensitivity. |
| 189 | 1986 | Njeruh, F.M., Gathuma, J.M. And Tumboh-Oeri, A.G. (1986). Diagnosis Of Hydatidosis In Kenya II. An Enzyme-linked Immuno-sorbent Assay (ELISA) Based On A Thermostable Antigen E. Afr. Med. J. 63 (5) 318
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Experimentally, two hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) antigens (antigens 4 and 5) were found to be the most immunogenic antigens in HCF. The two antigens were precipitated together from HCF. This was done by adding 2M phosphotungstic acid and 2M magnesium chloride pollutions to clarified HCF whilte continuously stirring the mixture. The precipitate formed was suspend in physiological saline (PS). This antigens solutions was used to coat microtitre plates fro indirect ELISA. Indirect ELISA was performed on 180 randomly selected bovine sera.
The sensitivity of the test was found to be 98% while the specificity was 70%. The predictive value was 89%. Although the specificity of the test was relatively low, the test using these partially purified antigens was found to be useful because of its high sensitivity. |
| 190 | 1986 | The Catholic Family: A Source Book(Nairobi: Kenya Episcopal Confrence).
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A cross sectional study of 115 patients admitted at the Department of Orthopedics, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya was carried out to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from infected wounds. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus was 33.0 %. The drugs tested and their corresponding sensitivity was amoxycillin (13.2 %), co-amoxyclav (39.5 %), oxacillin (55.3 %), erythromycin (44.7 %), gentamicin (60.5 %), ciprofloxacin (62.2 %), minocycline (86.8 %), cefuroxime (57.9 %), and clidamycin (84.2 %). These results show the sensitivity profile of Staphylococcus aureus and can be used to choose suitable drugs in the management of wounds for hospitalized patients. |
| 191 | 1986 | Nguhiu-Mwangi, J.A. (1986): Which Toxic Factors Cause Death During Small Bowel Obstruction: Vet.Med.( 1986) 81(11): 1020,1022,1024-1025.
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Seventeen cows of various breeds with varying degrees of severity of advanced ocular squamous cell carcinoma were treated by radical surgery, which included enucleation and extirpation of the surrounding ocular muscles and tissues. The degree of severity and the extent of the carcinoma lesion was correlated with the outcome of treatment for each case. It was observed that: 1. eyeball involvement, 2. ulceration and subsequent infection of carcinoma lesion involving the eyelids and 3. involvement of the regional lymphnodes especially the parotid , are some of the main factors that could be used to draw prognosis of such cases. Although the initial surgery may not be costly, the overall cost of managing postoperative complications is prohibitive and results to vast economic losses that should not be ignored. |
| 192 | 1986 | Mwenda J. N. (1986): An Assessment Of The Cadastral Survey System In Kenya. Master Of Engineering Report, Department Of Surveying Engineering, University Of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
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BACKGROUND: Malaria control in Africa relies primarily on early effective treatment for clinical disease, but most early treatments for fever occur through self-medication with shop-bought drugs. Lack of information to community members on over-the-counter drug use has led to widespread ineffective treatment of fevers, increased risks of drug toxicity and accelerating drug resistance. We examined the feasibility and measured the likely impact of training shop keepers in rural Africa on community drug use. METHODS: In a rural area of coastal Kenya, we implemented a shop keeper training programme in 23 shops serving a population of approximately 3500, based on formative research within the community. We evaluated the training by measuring changes in the proportions of drug sales where an adequate amount of chloroquine was purchased and in the percentage of home-treated childhood fevers given an adequate amount of chloroquine. The programme was assessed qualitatively in the community following the shop keeper training. RESULTS: The percentage of drug sales for children with fever which included an antimalarial drug rose from 34.3% (95% CI 28.9%-40.1%) before the training to a minimum of 79.3% (95% CI 71.8%-85.3%) after the training. The percentage of antimalarial drug sales where an adequate amount of drug was purchased rose from 31.8% (95% CI 26.6%-37.6%) to a minimum of 82.9% (95% CI 76.3%-87.3%). The percentage of childhood fevers where an adequate dose of chloroquine was given to the child rose from 3.7% (95% CI 1.2%-9.7%) before the training to a minimum of 65.2% (95% CI 57.7%-72.0%) afterwards, which represents an increase in the appropriate use of over-the-counter chloroquine by at least 62% (95% CI 53.7%-69.3%). Shop keepers and community members were strongly supportive of the aims and outcome of the programme. CONCLUSIONS: The large shifts in behaviour observed indicate that the approach of training shop keepers as a channel for information to the community is both feasible and likely to have a significant impact. Whilst some of the impact seen may be attributable to research effects in a relatively small scale pilot study, the magnitude of the changes support further investigation into this approach as a potentially important new strategy in malaria control. |
| 193 | 1986 | Ogeng
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Knowledge of the variant vascular anatomy of the subhepatic region is important for hepatobiliary surgeons in limiting operative complications due to unexpected bleeding. The pattern of arterial blood supply of 102 gallbladders was studied by gross dissection. The cystic artery originated from the right hepatic artery in 92.2% of cases. The rest were aberrant and originated from the proper hepatic artery. Accessory arteries were observed to originate from proper hepatic artery (n = 5), left hepatic artery (n = 2), and right hepatic artery (n = 1). Most of the arteries approached the gallbladder in relation to the common hepatic duct (anterior 45.1%, posterior, 46.1%). The other vessels passed anterior to common bile duct (2.9%), posterior to common bile duct (3.9%), or were given off in Calot's triangle. Cystic arteries in this data set show wide variations in terms of relationship to the duct systems. In about one tenth of patients, an accessory cystic artery may need to be ligated or clipped during cholecystectomy. 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc
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| 194 | 1986 | Ogeng
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Knowledge of the variant vascular anatomy of the subhepatic region is important for hepatobiliary surgeons in limiting operative complications due to unexpected bleeding. The pattern of arterial blood supply of 102 gallbladders was studied by gross dissection. The cystic artery originated from the right hepatic artery in 92.2% of cases. The rest were aberrant and originated from the proper hepatic artery. Accessory arteries were observed to originate from proper hepatic artery (n = 5), left hepatic artery (n = 2), and right hepatic artery (n = 1). Most of the arteries approached the gallbladder in relation to the common hepatic duct (anterior 45.1%, posterior, 46.1%). The other vessels passed anterior to common bile duct (2.9%), posterior to common bile duct (3.9%), or were given off in Calot's triangle. Cystic arteries in this data set show wide variations in terms of relationship to the duct systems. In about one tenth of patients, an accessory cystic artery may need to be ligated or clipped during cholecystectomy. 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc
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| 195 | 1986 | Ogeng
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Knowledge of the variant vascular anatomy of the subhepatic region is important for hepatobiliary surgeons in limiting operative complications due to unexpected bleeding. The pattern of arterial blood supply of 102 gallbladders was studied by gross dissection. The cystic artery originated from the right hepatic artery in 92.2% of cases. The rest were aberrant and originated from the proper hepatic artery. Accessory arteries were observed to originate from proper hepatic artery (n = 5), left hepatic artery (n = 2), and right hepatic artery (n = 1). Most of the arteries approached the gallbladder in relation to the common hepatic duct (anterior 45.1%, posterior, 46.1%). The other vessels passed anterior to common bile duct (2.9%), posterior to common bile duct (3.9%), or were given off in Calot's triangle. Cystic arteries in this data set show wide variations in terms of relationship to the duct systems. In about one tenth of patients, an accessory cystic artery may need to be ligated or clipped during cholecystectomy. 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc
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| 196 | 1986 | Ogeng
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Knowledge of the variant vascular anatomy of the subhepatic region is important for hepatobiliary surgeons in limiting operative complications due to unexpected bleeding. The pattern of arterial blood supply of 102 gallbladders was studied by gross dissection. The cystic artery originated from the right hepatic artery in 92.2% of cases. The rest were aberrant and originated from the proper hepatic artery. Accessory arteries were observed to originate from proper hepatic artery (n = 5), left hepatic artery (n = 2), and right hepatic artery (n = 1). Most of the arteries approached the gallbladder in relation to the common hepatic duct (anterior 45.1%, posterior, 46.1%). The other vessels passed anterior to common bile duct (2.9%), posterior to common bile duct (3.9%), or were given off in Calot's triangle. Cystic arteries in this data set show wide variations in terms of relationship to the duct systems. In about one tenth of patients, an accessory cystic artery may need to be ligated or clipped during cholecystectomy. 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc
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| 197 | 1986 | Ogeng
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Knowledge of the variant vascular anatomy of the subhepatic region is important for hepatobiliary surgeons in limiting operative complications due to unexpected bleeding. The pattern of arterial blood supply of 102 gallbladders was studied by gross dissection. The cystic artery originated from the right hepatic artery in 92.2% of cases. The rest were aberrant and originated from the proper hepatic artery. Accessory arteries were observed to originate from proper hepatic artery (n = 5), left hepatic artery (n = 2), and right hepatic artery (n = 1). Most of the arteries approached the gallbladder in relation to the common hepatic duct (anterior 45.1%, posterior, 46.1%). The other vessels passed anterior to common bile duct (2.9%), posterior to common bile duct (3.9%), or were given off in Calot's triangle. Cystic arteries in this data set show wide variations in terms of relationship to the duct systems. In about one tenth of patients, an accessory cystic artery may need to be ligated or clipped during cholecystectomy. 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc
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| 198 | 1986 | Pattern Of Extracranial Peripheral Aneurysms In A Kenyan Referral Hospital
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Knowledge of the variant vascular anatomy of the subhepatic region is important for hepatobiliary surgeons in limiting operative complications due to unexpected bleeding. The pattern of arterial blood supply of 102 gallbladders was studied by gross dissection. The cystic artery originated from the right hepatic artery in 92.2% of cases. The rest were aberrant and originated from the proper hepatic artery. Accessory arteries were observed to originate from proper hepatic artery (n = 5), left hepatic artery (n = 2), and right hepatic artery (n = 1). Most of the arteries approached the gallbladder in relation to the common hepatic duct (anterior 45.1%, posterior, 46.1%). The other vessels passed anterior to common bile duct (2.9%), posterior to common bile duct (3.9%), or were given off in Calot's triangle. Cystic arteries in this data set show wide variations in terms of relationship to the duct systems. In about one tenth of patients, an accessory cystic artery may need to be ligated or clipped during cholecystectomy. 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc
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| 199 | 1986 | Outcome And Complications In Women Undergoing Cervical Cerclage In A Tertiary Hospital In Kenya
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Knowledge of the variant vascular anatomy of the subhepatic region is important for hepatobiliary surgeons in limiting operative complications due to unexpected bleeding. The pattern of arterial blood supply of 102 gallbladders was studied by gross dissection. The cystic artery originated from the right hepatic artery in 92.2% of cases. The rest were aberrant and originated from the proper hepatic artery. Accessory arteries were observed to originate from proper hepatic artery (n = 5), left hepatic artery (n = 2), and right hepatic artery (n = 1). Most of the arteries approached the gallbladder in relation to the common hepatic duct (anterior 45.1%, posterior, 46.1%). The other vessels passed anterior to common bile duct (2.9%), posterior to common bile duct (3.9%), or were given off in Calot's triangle. Cystic arteries in this data set show wide variations in terms of relationship to the duct systems. In about one tenth of patients, an accessory cystic artery may need to be ligated or clipped during cholecystectomy. 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc
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| 200 | 1986 | B. Syuto., I.Ohishi., M.Naiki And S. Kubo: Binding Of Clostridium Botulinum Neurotoxin To Gangliosides, J. Biochem. 100, 27-33.
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Lipophorin was isolated from the haemolymph of adult tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans morsitans, by ultracentrifugation in a potassium bromide density gradient. 2. The tsetse fly lipophorin (Mr congruent to 600,000) has a density of congruent to 1.11 g/ml and consists of two apoproteins, apolipophorin-I (apoLp-I, Mr congruent to 250,000) and apolipophorin-II (apoLp-II, Mr congruent to 80,000), both of which are glycosylated as shown by staining with periodate-Schiff reagent. The protein complex is composed of 49% protein and 51% lipids. 3. The finding of lipophorin in tsetse fly haemolymph suggests that, although these flies primarily utilize proline for their energy needs, there is an active transport mechanism for the supply of lipid requirements. |
| 201 | 1986 | B.Syuto., M.Naiki., I.Ohishi And S.Kubo: Binding Of 125 Ibotulinum Neurotoxin To Synatopsomal Membrane Receptor : Jpn. Med. Sci. Biol. 38,100.
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Lipophorin was isolated from the haemolymph of adult tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans morsitans, by ultracentrifugation in a potassium bromide density gradient. 2. The tsetse fly lipophorin (Mr congruent to 600,000) has a density of congruent to 1.11 g/ml and consists of two apoproteins, apolipophorin-I (apoLp-I, Mr congruent to 250,000) and apolipophorin-II (apoLp-II, Mr congruent to 80,000), both of which are glycosylated as shown by staining with periodate-Schiff reagent. The protein complex is composed of 49% protein and 51% lipids. 3. The finding of lipophorin in tsetse fly haemolymph suggests that, although these flies primarily utilize proline for their energy needs, there is an active transport mechanism for the supply of lipid requirements. |
| 202 | 1986 | Binding Of Clostridium Botulinum Neurotoxins Receptors On Synatosomal Membrane Of Rat Brain.(Ph.D Thesis).
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Lipophorin was isolated from the haemolymph of adult tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans morsitans, by ultracentrifugation in a potassium bromide density gradient. 2. The tsetse fly lipophorin (Mr congruent to 600,000) has a density of congruent to 1.11 g/ml and consists of two apoproteins, apolipophorin-I (apoLp-I, Mr congruent to 250,000) and apolipophorin-II (apoLp-II, Mr congruent to 80,000), both of which are glycosylated as shown by staining with periodate-Schiff reagent. The protein complex is composed of 49% protein and 51% lipids. 3. The finding of lipophorin in tsetse fly haemolymph suggests that, although these flies primarily utilize proline for their energy needs, there is an active transport mechanism for the supply of lipid requirements. |
| 203 | 1986 | Ochanda, J.O., B.Syuto., H.Kitagawa And S.Kubo: Solubilization And Characterization Of Clostridium Botulinum Toxin Binding Component From Synatosomal Membrane Of Rat Brain.
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Lipophorin was isolated from the haemolymph of adult tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans morsitans, by ultracentrifugation in a potassium bromide density gradient. 2. The tsetse fly lipophorin (Mr congruent to 600,000) has a density of congruent to 1.11 g/ml and consists of two apoproteins, apolipophorin-I (apoLp-I, Mr congruent to 250,000) and apolipophorin-II (apoLp-II, Mr congruent to 80,000), both of which are glycosylated as shown by staining with periodate-Schiff reagent. The protein complex is composed of 49% protein and 51% lipids. 3. The finding of lipophorin in tsetse fly haemolymph suggests that, although these flies primarily utilize proline for their energy needs, there is an active transport mechanism for the supply of lipid requirements. |
| 204 | 1986 | Kenya's Parliamentary Elections: Ethnic Politics In Two Rural Constituencies In Nyanza, IDS Discussion Paper, No. 282, July 1986.
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Presented here is a 16-year-old girl who was referred on 30th January 1996 with diagnosis of cord compression with spastic paraplegia with sensory level at T7/T8. CT scan myelogam confirmed soft tissue density mass displacing cord to the left with no dye being seen beyond T3. Thoracic spine decompressive laminectomy was performed on 1st January 1996 at Nairobi West Hospital extending from T3 to T6 level, which revealed a fibrous haemorrhagic tumour. Histology showed meningioma (mixed fibrous type and meningoepitheliomatous type) with many psammoma bodies. She had a stormy post-operative period, with infection and wound dehiscence. This was treated with appropriate antibiotics and wound care. She was eventually rehabilitated and was able to walk with the aid of a walking frame because of persistent spasticity of right leg. She was seen once as an outpatient by author on 6th July 1996, she was able to use the walking frame, but the right leg was still held in flexion deformity at the knee. She was thus referred to an orthopaedic surgeon for possible tenotomy. She was able to resume her studies at the University ambulating using a wheel chair and walking frame. She presented with worsening of symptoms in 2001 (five years after her first surgery). MRI scan thoracic spine revealed a left anterolateral intradural lesion extending from T3 to T5 vertebral body level compressing and displacing the spinal cord. She had a repeat surgery on 6th March 2001 at Kenyatta National Hospital; spastic paraparesis and urinary incontinenece persisted. She also developed bed sores and recurrent urinary tract infections. She was followed up by the author and other medical personnel in Mwea Mission Hospital where she eventually succumbed in 2005, nine years after her first surgery. This case is presented as a case of incompletely excised spinal meningioma to highlight some of the problems of managing spinal meningiomas when operating microscope and embolisation of tumours are not readily available. Also the family experienced financial constraint in bringing the patient for regular follow-up, and getting access to appropriate antibiotics, catheters and urine bags. |
| 205 | 1986 | P. Chitere And P. Kinyori, Action Aid-Kenya Young Farmers Scheme Evaluation, Parts I And II, Nairobi, June 1986.
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Presented here is a 16-year-old girl who was referred on 30th January 1996 with diagnosis of cord compression with spastic paraplegia with sensory level at T7/T8. CT scan myelogam confirmed soft tissue density mass displacing cord to the left with no dye being seen beyond T3. Thoracic spine decompressive laminectomy was performed on 1st January 1996 at Nairobi West Hospital extending from T3 to T6 level, which revealed a fibrous haemorrhagic tumour. Histology showed meningioma (mixed fibrous type and meningoepitheliomatous type) with many psammoma bodies. She had a stormy post-operative period, with infection and wound dehiscence. This was treated with appropriate antibiotics and wound care. She was eventually rehabilitated and was able to walk with the aid of a walking frame because of persistent spasticity of right leg. She was seen once as an outpatient by author on 6th July 1996, she was able to use the walking frame, but the right leg was still held in flexion deformity at the knee. She was thus referred to an orthopaedic surgeon for possible tenotomy. She was able to resume her studies at the University ambulating using a wheel chair and walking frame. She presented with worsening of symptoms in 2001 (five years after her first surgery). MRI scan thoracic spine revealed a left anterolateral intradural lesion extending from T3 to T5 vertebral body level compressing and displacing the spinal cord. She had a repeat surgery on 6th March 2001 at Kenyatta National Hospital; spastic paraparesis and urinary incontinenece persisted. She also developed bed sores and recurrent urinary tract infections. She was followed up by the author and other medical personnel in Mwea Mission Hospital where she eventually succumbed in 2005, nine years after her first surgery. This case is presented as a case of incompletely excised spinal meningioma to highlight some of the problems of managing spinal meningiomas when operating microscope and embolisation of tumours are not readily available. Also the family experienced financial constraint in bringing the patient for regular follow-up, and getting access to appropriate antibiotics, catheters and urine bags. |
| 206 | 1986 | 'Grassroots Participation In Small And Large Scale Irrigation Agriculture: The Kenyan Experience', Paper Presented To The Joint Seminar On Irrigation Policies In Kenya And Zimbabwe, November 1986.
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Presented here is a 16-year-old girl who was referred on 30th January 1996 with diagnosis of cord compression with spastic paraplegia with sensory level at T7/T8. CT scan myelogam confirmed soft tissue density mass displacing cord to the left with no dye being seen beyond T3. Thoracic spine decompressive laminectomy was performed on 1st January 1996 at Nairobi West Hospital extending from T3 to T6 level, which revealed a fibrous haemorrhagic tumour. Histology showed meningioma (mixed fibrous type and meningoepitheliomatous type) with many psammoma bodies. She had a stormy post-operative period, with infection and wound dehiscence. This was treated with appropriate antibiotics and wound care. She was eventually rehabilitated and was able to walk with the aid of a walking frame because of persistent spasticity of right leg. She was seen once as an outpatient by author on 6th July 1996, she was able to use the walking frame, but the right leg was still held in flexion deformity at the knee. She was thus referred to an orthopaedic surgeon for possible tenotomy. She was able to resume her studies at the University ambulating using a wheel chair and walking frame. She presented with worsening of symptoms in 2001 (five years after her first surgery). MRI scan thoracic spine revealed a left anterolateral intradural lesion extending from T3 to T5 vertebral body level compressing and displacing the spinal cord. She had a repeat surgery on 6th March 2001 at Kenyatta National Hospital; spastic paraparesis and urinary incontinenece persisted. She also developed bed sores and recurrent urinary tract infections. She was followed up by the author and other medical personnel in Mwea Mission Hospital where she eventually succumbed in 2005, nine years after her first surgery. This case is presented as a case of incompletely excised spinal meningioma to highlight some of the problems of managing spinal meningiomas when operating microscope and embolisation of tumours are not readily available. Also the family experienced financial constraint in bringing the patient for regular follow-up, and getting access to appropriate antibiotics, catheters and urine bags. |
| 207 | 1986 | Anacardiaceae (Mango Family) Of East African Flora, London.
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Total number of pages: 515, including 35 pages of colour illustrations. |
| 208 | 1986 | Traditional Products And Cultural Identity
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There are four hypotheses which have been advanced to explain the pathophysiology of severe and complicated malaria such as cerebral malaria. However, none of them adequately explains all the features of cerebral malaria in man. One such hypotheses is Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC). To determine whether this condition occurs in patients with uncomplicated malaria, the authors conducted a study on fibrinogen and its degradation products, euglobulin lysis time and parasite counts in 30 cases of uncomplicated malaria. By spectrophotometric method, plasma fibrinogen in patients with uncomplicated malaria was found to be normal as compared to normal healthy adults. There were no fibrinogen degradation production (FDP) detected in either patients or healthy controls, using latex agglutination tests at a dilution of 1:5. This method for FDP estimation is significant in that a serum agglutination with 1:5 dilution indicates a concentration of FDP in the original serum in excess of 10g/ml, designated as positive results of experiment. High values of euglobulin lysis time (ELT) were noted in patients with low parasitaemia. Analysis of these results showed that disseminated intravascular coagulation did not occur in uncomplicated cases of malaria. In this study on cases of uncomplicated malaria and low parasitaemia the biochemical parameters relating to to DIC have been essentially normal, although DIC is thought to be a primary stage in the development of cerebral malaria. According to Reid, DIC is an important intermediate mechanism in the pathophysiology of severe and complicated malaria such as cerebral malaria. |
| 209 | 1986 | Graphic Design For Development: The Case Of Road Safety
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There are four hypotheses which have been advanced to explain the pathophysiology of severe and complicated malaria such as cerebral malaria. However, none of them adequately explains all the features of cerebral malaria in man. One such hypotheses is Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC). To determine whether this condition occurs in patients with uncomplicated malaria, the authors conducted a study on fibrinogen and its degradation products, euglobulin lysis time and parasite counts in 30 cases of uncomplicated malaria. By spectrophotometric method, plasma fibrinogen in patients with uncomplicated malaria was found to be normal as compared to normal healthy adults. There were no fibrinogen degradation production (FDP) detected in either patients or healthy controls, using latex agglutination tests at a dilution of 1:5. This method for FDP estimation is significant in that a serum agglutination with 1:5 dilution indicates a concentration of FDP in the original serum in excess of 10g/ml, designated as positive results of experiment. High values of euglobulin lysis time (ELT) were noted in patients with low parasitaemia. Analysis of these results showed that disseminated intravascular coagulation did not occur in uncomplicated cases of malaria. In this study on cases of uncomplicated malaria and low parasitaemia the biochemical parameters relating to to DIC have been essentially normal, although DIC is thought to be a primary stage in the development of cerebral malaria. According to Reid, DIC is an important intermediate mechanism in the pathophysiology of severe and complicated malaria such as cerebral malaria. |
| 210 | 1986 | Legge, P.L.: Geological Map, Juba Sheet 1:250 000; Geology And Land Use. .
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| 211 | 1986 | Keter, J.K.A. And P.M. Ahn. 1986. Profile Characteristics, And Form And Surface Activity Of Inorganic Phosphorus In A Deep Red Kenya Coffee Soil (Nitosol). J. Soil Sc. 37: 89-97
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OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy and sensitivity of diagnostic peritoneal lavage in the assessment of intra-abdominal injury using the dipstick method. DESIGN: Prospective study, involving the performance of diagnostic peritoneal lavage in the out patient department and surgical wards prior to surgical intervention. SETTING: Kenyatta National Hospital-General Surgical and Orthopaedic wards and outpatient department. The study was conducted over a duration of six months, starting from January 1995 to July 1995. RESULTS: Ninety six patients with penetrating (68) and blunt (28) abdominal trauma underwent diagnostic peritoneal lavage as evaluation of the severity of abdominal trauma. Dipstick (combur 9 strips) was used to evaluate lavage effluent for red blood cells, white blood cells, protein and bilirubin. Forty three patients had positive diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) results, of which 40 (93%) had positive findings at laparatomy and three (7%) had negative findings at laparatomy. The remaining 53 patients had negative DPL results and were managed conservatively. One patient with a negative DPL result became symptomatic and had a positive laparatomy. Conservatively managed patients were discharged after 24 hours observations without any complications. DPL had an accuracy and sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 98%. CONCLUSION: Diagnostic peritoneal lavage is a cheap, safe and reliable method for assessment of abdominal trauma. The method is easy to perform by trained junior doctors in the OPD, or as a bedside procedure. Use of this method reduced negative laparotomy rate from 50% to 6.9% and average duration of stay from 6.5 days to 1.9 days. This method is recommended as a basic tool in the assessment of abdominal trauma patients. |
| 212 | 1986 | Okumu B.M., 1986: On The Summer Practical Attachment At The Geodetic Survey Of Canada, Ottawa, Presented At The Geodesy Group Meeting, University Of New Brunswick, Canada
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Olfactory acuity differs among animal species depending on age and dependence on smell. However, the attendant functional anatomy has not been elucidated. We sought to determine the functional structure of the olfactory mucosa in suckling and adult dog and sheep. Mucosal samples harvested from ethmoturbinates were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. In both species, the olfactory mucosa comprised olfactory, supporting and basal cells, and a lamina propria containing bundles of olfactory cell axons, Bowman’s glands and vascular elements. The olfactory cells terminated apically with an expanded knob, from which cilia projected in a radial fashion from its base and in form of a tuft from its apex in the dog and the sheep respectively. Olfactory cilia per knob weremorenumerous in the dog (19±3) compared to the sheep (7±2) (p < 0.05). In the dog, axonal bundles exhibited one to two centrally located capillaries and the bundles were of greater diameters (73.3±10.3_m) than those of the sheep (50.6±6.8_m), which had no capillaries. From suckling to adulthood in the dog, the packing density of the olfactory and supporting cells increased by 22.5% and 12.6% respectively. Surprisingly in the sheep, the density of the olfactory cells decreased by 26.2% while that of the supportive cells showed no change. Overall epithelial thickness reached 72.5±2.9_m in the dog and 56.8±3.1_m in the sheep. These observations suggest that the mucosa is better structurally refined during maturation in the dog than in the sheep. |
| 213 | 1986 | Okumu B.M. :The Evaluation And Improvement Of The Scientific And The Legal Frameworks Of Cadastral Survey In Kenya, PhD. Proposal
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Olfactory acuity differs among animal species depending on age and dependence on smell. However, the attendant functional anatomy has not been elucidated. We sought to determine the functional structure of the olfactory mucosa in suckling and adult dog and sheep. Mucosal samples harvested from ethmoturbinates were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. In both species, the olfactory mucosa comprised olfactory, supporting and basal cells, and a lamina propria containing bundles of olfactory cell axons, Bowman’s glands and vascular elements. The olfactory cells terminated apically with an expanded knob, from which cilia projected in a radial fashion from its base and in form of a tuft from its apex in the dog and the sheep respectively. Olfactory cilia per knob weremorenumerous in the dog (19±3) compared to the sheep (7±2) (p < 0.05). In the dog, axonal bundles exhibited one to two centrally located capillaries and the bundles were of greater diameters (73.3±10.3_m) than those of the sheep (50.6±6.8_m), which had no capillaries. From suckling to adulthood in the dog, the packing density of the olfactory and supporting cells increased by 22.5% and 12.6% respectively. Surprisingly in the sheep, the density of the olfactory cells decreased by 26.2% while that of the supportive cells showed no change. Overall epithelial thickness reached 72.5±2.9_m in the dog and 56.8±3.1_m in the sheep. These observations suggest that the mucosa is better structurally refined during maturation in the dog than in the sheep. |
| 214 | 1986 | Njoroge, B. N. K.
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This study investigated the effectiveness of three physical-chemical methods namely; pH adjustment, precipitation with alum and the use of polyelectrolytes. In the treatment of diary wastewater from Brookeside milk processing plant. It also investigated the drainability of the sludge produced by each of the three methods. Laboratory tests were carried out in three different batches, one for each of the three methods. In the alum method enough alum was added to the wastewater samples to cause precipitation by sweep floc. In the pH adjustment method, the pH of samples were lowered to the iso-electric point of the casein proteins of approximately pH 4.5 leading to their precipitation as a result of solubility changes. The polyelectrolytes method involved the use of two polyelectrolytes, Sudfloc 3820 and Sudfloc 3860 each of which was used to coagulate the dirty wastewater. For each of the three methods, the samples were taken in one-litre beakers and subjected to Jar tests to determine the optimum dosages. After one hour of settling the supernatants were decanted and subjected to standard Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) tests, turbidity and pH measurements. The settled sludge was subjected to drainability studies. Results showed the treatment of dairy wastewater by the three physical-chemical methods to be effective. There were COD removals of between 60% and 90% and turbidity reduction of over 90%. The use of the sudfloc polyelectrolytes was found to be the least demanding in terms of effluent quality control as no pH adjustments of either the wastewater or the effluent was required. The use of polyelectolytes produced the least volumes of sludge and also the better drainability and solids concentration. Sudfloc 3820 was found to achieve better results than Sudfloc 3860 in terms of COD reduction and the drainability of sludge produced although both achieved the same drainability studies. This study showed that each of the three physical-chemical methods can be used effectively to remove the white colour of dairy wastewater as well as the bulk of the proteins and fats, hence, enabling the discharge of the effluents into natural waters to be of good assimilative capacity. |
| 215 | 1986 | . Bernard N. Kimani Njoroge, William P. Ball, Robert S. Cherry
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This study investigated the effectiveness of three physical-chemical methods namely; pH adjustment, precipitation with alum and the use of polyelectrolytes. In the treatment of diary wastewater from Brookeside milk processing plant. It also investigated the drainability of the sludge produced by each of the three methods. Laboratory tests were carried out in three different batches, one for each of the three methods. In the alum method enough alum was added to the wastewater samples to cause precipitation by sweep floc. In the pH adjustment method, the pH of samples were lowered to the iso-electric point of the casein proteins of approximately pH 4.5 leading to their precipitation as a result of solubility changes. The polyelectrolytes method involved the use of two polyelectrolytes, Sudfloc 3820 and Sudfloc 3860 each of which was used to coagulate the dirty wastewater. For each of the three methods, the samples were taken in one-litre beakers and subjected to Jar tests to determine the optimum dosages. After one hour of settling the supernatants were decanted and subjected to standard Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) tests, turbidity and pH measurements. The settled sludge was subjected to drainability studies. Results showed the treatment of dairy wastewater by the three physical-chemical methods to be effective. There were COD removals of between 60% and 90% and turbidity reduction of over 90%. The use of the sudfloc polyelectrolytes was found to be the least demanding in terms of effluent quality control as no pH adjustments of either the wastewater or the effluent was required. The use of polyelectolytes produced the least volumes of sludge and also the better drainability and solids concentration. Sudfloc 3820 was found to achieve better results than Sudfloc 3860 in terms of COD reduction and the drainability of sludge produced although both achieved the same drainability studies. This study showed that each of the three physical-chemical methods can be used effectively to remove the white colour of dairy wastewater as well as the bulk of the proteins and fats, hence, enabling the discharge of the effluents into natural waters to be of good assimilative capacity. |
| 216 | 1986 | The Land Quality:
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A model for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional geodetic reference datum is presented. Starting from the three-dimensional integrated geodetic network model, formulations for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional datum are developed. Astronomic latitudes, astronomic longitudes, gravity values, gravity potential differences, gravity differences, and GPS-vectors are considered as observables. The estimated parameters defining the datura are point coordinates, deflections of the vertical and geoidai undulations, and velocities and accelerations on the positional coordinates. The network datum is considered observed over several epochs with parameters estimated from previous epochs being introduced into later epochs as stochastic prior information parameters. |
| 217 | 1986 | Properties, Management And Classification Of Vertisols In Kenya. In: FAO World Soil Resources Report No. 56 FAO, Rome, 22-30.
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A model for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional geodetic reference datum is presented. Starting from the three-dimensional integrated geodetic network model, formulations for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional datum are developed. Astronomic latitudes, astronomic longitudes, gravity values, gravity potential differences, gravity differences, and GPS-vectors are considered as observables. The estimated parameters defining the datura are point coordinates, deflections of the vertical and geoidai undulations, and velocities and accelerations on the positional coordinates. The network datum is considered observed over several epochs with parameters estimated from previous epochs being introduced into later epochs as stochastic prior information parameters. |
| 218 | 1986 | Mwongozo Wa Kina Cha Maisha, A Students' Swahili Literature Study Guide. Heinemann Educational Books 1986, Nairobi.
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This study was conducted in two seasons of2002 at Tigoni, Central Kenya to determine effectiveness of insecticides; neern extract and mineral oil in managing potato aphids and their associated virus diseases. The treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. In each season, the number of aphids in five randomly selected plants per treatment was recordced in situ. Virus symptoms (i.ncidence) were scored and expressed as a percentage to the total plant population per plot. Forty-five days after emergence, 10 plants each from guard rows and inner rows were randomly selected and serologically assayed for Potato Virus Y (PVY) and Potato Leaf Roll Virus (PLRV) using DAS ELISA test. Results showd that three aphid species Aphis gossypii (Glover), Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) colonized on the variety with A. gossypii being the most dominant while M. persicae was least. Higher aphid population coincided with the short rains experienced in one of the seasons. Synthetic insecticides (Bifethrin and dimethoate) were the most effective among the treatments in reducing aphid infestation while the neem extract and mineral oil (DC- Tron) had no significant (P<0.05) difference. However, mineral-oil treated plots recorded the lowest PVY incidence while bifenthrin-Ireated plots had the lowest PLRV incidence. It is suggested that a combination of synthetic insecticides and mineral oil could playa major role in reduction of the aphids and their associated vectors. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 |
| 219 | 1986 | "Short Distance Runners", A Case Study Of The Works Of Peninah Muhando And Jay Kitsao, Published In Mwamko No. 3, 1986.
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This study was conducted in two seasons of2002 at Tigoni, Central Kenya to determine effectiveness of insecticides; neern extract and mineral oil in managing potato aphids and their associated virus diseases. The treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. In each season, the number of aphids in five randomly selected plants per treatment was recordced in situ. Virus symptoms (i.ncidence) were scored and expressed as a percentage to the total plant population per plot. Forty-five days after emergence, 10 plants each from guard rows and inner rows were randomly selected and serologically assayed for Potato Virus Y (PVY) and Potato Leaf Roll Virus (PLRV) using DAS ELISA test. Results showd that three aphid species Aphis gossypii (Glover), Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) colonized on the variety with A. gossypii being the most dominant while M. persicae was least. Higher aphid population coincided with the short rains experienced in one of the seasons. Synthetic insecticides (Bifethrin and dimethoate) were the most effective among the treatments in reducing aphid infestation while the neem extract and mineral oil (DC- Tron) had no significant (P<0.05) difference. However, mineral-oil treated plots recorded the lowest PVY incidence while bifenthrin-Ireated plots had the lowest PLRV incidence. It is suggested that a combination of synthetic insecticides and mineral oil could playa major role in reduction of the aphids and their associated vectors. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 |
| 220 | 1986 | Agumbah, G.J.O. And MacLaren, A.P.C. (1986): Demonstration And Activity Of Anodal Antigens Of C.fetus In The CIE System. Irish Bet. J. 40,24 -29.
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The stability of adrenaline ophthalmic solutions, at pH 5.8 and 7.4, to sterilization and storage conditions has been studied. Solutions sterilized by filtration or heating at 98 degrees C for 30 min showed no detectable degradation at either pH value, whilst sterilization at higher temperatures resulted in losses of up to 30%. Total degradation increased with increasing sterilization temperature at both pH values. |
| 221 | 1986 | Agumbah, G.J.O. (1986). Clinical And Serological Diagnosis Of Infertility In Cattle Due To C. Fetus Infection. Dept. Of Clinical Studies Academic Staff Seminars, Kabete, Nairobi.
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The stability of adrenaline ophthalmic solutions, at pH 5.8 and 7.4, to sterilization and storage conditions has been studied. Solutions sterilized by filtration or heating at 98 degrees C for 30 min showed no detectable degradation at either pH value, whilst sterilization at higher temperatures resulted in losses of up to 30%. Total degradation increased with increasing sterilization temperature at both pH values. |
| 222 | 1986 | S.M. Mbiuki, G.M. Mugera And P.N. Nyaga. Intestinal Anastomosis In Cattle: Comparison Of Appositional Techniques.
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According to the statements made by a number of scholars, in the 80's East African Anglophone novel, which once received a nickname of "social documentary", began to lose gradually its social commitment. Many of the writers known previously as the most active supporters of the social trend, moved their attempts to other literan areas - criminal novel ("Weapon of hunger" by Meja Mцangi, 1989), love story (Yussuf Dawood's "Off my chest", 1988), even children's literature (books for children in Gikuyu, written by Ngugi wa Thiong'o). However, in the late 80's and early 90's East African Anglophone novel stepped onto a new level of social trend, moving from "social documentary" to "social epic". The authors now are trying to sum up the historical experience of East African countries over a large time span, and to that effect appeal mostly to elaborate and spacious literary forms, such as epic novel. These authors, although chosen one and the same literary form, are showing clearly their inclinations towards different styles of writing. For example, Tanzanian author Moyez Vassanji in his novel "The gunny sack" (1989) makes a rather convincing attempt to replant on East African soil the method of "mythological writing", previously used by such author as Gabriel Garcia Marquez. The novel definitely appeals not only to local reader, but to a wider international audience; on its pages the author manages to restore not only the fate of several generations of Indian family, but even the slightest details of their mentality, using myth as one of the basic means for changing the dimensions of time and space, according to the logic of the narration. The development of Kenyan novel in the early 90's confirms also one of the main tendencies in modem literature - bridging between "elite" and popular fiction. The first attempt of an epic novel in Kenyan Anglophone literature was, oddly enough, made by the veteran of Kenyan popular fiction David Maillu in his "Broken drum" H991). The novel hardly aims the widest reading public - nevertheless, stylistically it bears distinct features of popular fiction, such as crime story, romance, etc. Popular novel in East Africa also shows certain inclination towards urgent social themes, but the authors inevitably uses the artistic means they feel most happy with - that is, the style of popular fiction. For example, the "clash of cultures" - the experience of young Africans studying abroad - is presented in the form of a picaresque ("Times beyond" by Omondi Makoloo, 1992) or love story ("The girl from Uganda" by Tengio Urrio, 1993); feministic problems are spiced with sentimentalism ("Judy the nun" by P .Waweru, 1990); the thoughts on the hardships of younger generation are guised in Bildungs roman ("The plight of succession" by a Tanzanian Prosper Rwegoshora, 1990). At the same time, some authors, who have been ploughing successfully the field of pop fiction for a few decades, show their interest in more elaborate literary forms ("Dedan Kimathi: the real story" by Samuel Kaluga, 1990). All the mentioned facts do not allow us to state that the division into popular and elite novel will disappear within the foreseeable future. However, the most interesting developments seem to take place precisely in the field of bridging between these two branches of East African fiction.
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| 223 | 1986 | S.M. Mbiuki, P.N. Nyaga, And G.M. Mugera. Healing Of Intestinal Anastomoses In Cattle: An Evaluation Of End To End Approximating Techniques.
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According to the statements made by a number of scholars, in the 80's East African Anglophone novel, which once received a nickname of "social documentary", began to lose gradually its social commitment. Many of the writers known previously as the most active supporters of the social trend, moved their attempts to other literan areas - criminal novel ("Weapon of hunger" by Meja Mцangi, 1989), love story (Yussuf Dawood's "Off my chest", 1988), even children's literature (books for children in Gikuyu, written by Ngugi wa Thiong'o). However, in the late 80's and early 90's East African Anglophone novel stepped onto a new level of social trend, moving from "social documentary" to "social epic". The authors now are trying to sum up the historical experience of East African countries over a large time span, and to that effect appeal mostly to elaborate and spacious literary forms, such as epic novel. These authors, although chosen one and the same literary form, are showing clearly their inclinations towards different styles of writing. For example, Tanzanian author Moyez Vassanji in his novel "The gunny sack" (1989) makes a rather convincing attempt to replant on East African soil the method of "mythological writing", previously used by such author as Gabriel Garcia Marquez. The novel definitely appeals not only to local reader, but to a wider international audience; on its pages the author manages to restore not only the fate of several generations of Indian family, but even the slightest details of their mentality, using myth as one of the basic means for changing the dimensions of time and space, according to the logic of the narration. The development of Kenyan novel in the early 90's confirms also one of the main tendencies in modem literature - bridging between "elite" and popular fiction. The first attempt of an epic novel in Kenyan Anglophone literature was, oddly enough, made by the veteran of Kenyan popular fiction David Maillu in his "Broken drum" H991). The novel hardly aims the widest reading public - nevertheless, stylistically it bears distinct features of popular fiction, such as crime story, romance, etc. Popular novel in East Africa also shows certain inclination towards urgent social themes, but the authors inevitably uses the artistic means they feel most happy with - that is, the style of popular fiction. For example, the "clash of cultures" - the experience of young Africans studying abroad - is presented in the form of a picaresque ("Times beyond" by Omondi Makoloo, 1992) or love story ("The girl from Uganda" by Tengio Urrio, 1993); feministic problems are spiced with sentimentalism ("Judy the nun" by P .Waweru, 1990); the thoughts on the hardships of younger generation are guised in Bildungs roman ("The plight of succession" by a Tanzanian Prosper Rwegoshora, 1990). At the same time, some authors, who have been ploughing successfully the field of pop fiction for a few decades, show their interest in more elaborate literary forms ("Dedan Kimathi: the real story" by Samuel Kaluga, 1990). All the mentioned facts do not allow us to state that the division into popular and elite novel will disappear within the foreseeable future. However, the most interesting developments seem to take place precisely in the field of bridging between these two branches of East African fiction.
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| 224 | 1986 | MAINA, J.N. And MALOIY, G.M.O.(1986) The Morphology Of The Respiratory Organs Of The African Air-breathing Catfish (Clarias Mossambicus, Peters): A Light Electron And Scanning Microscope Study With Morphometric Observations. Journal Of Zoology London 209,
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Serum acid phosphatase was measured in patients with enlarged benign and malignant prostate before and after rectal examination. Amongst the patients with benign glands, rectal examination did not produce any significant false elevation of the enzyme. Rectal examination, however, caused a rise in the enzyme level in a few untreated cancer patients and in cancer patients who has become refractory to hormonal therapy. This rise would help rather than mislead in the diagnosis of malignant prostate and also in the identifying treated patients who had become refractory to treatment. Thus, when serum acid phosphatase is properly determined, elevated levels should always arouse suspicion of malignant prostate or other lesions associated with high enzyme level even is such determination was preceded by rectal examination. There appears to be no merit in the teaching that the determination of serum acid phosphatase should be delayed after rectal examination. |
| 225 | 1986 | MALOIY, G.M.O., HEGLUND, N.C., PRAGER, L.M., CAVAGNA, G.A. And TAYLOR, C.R.(1986) Energetic Cost Of Carrying Loads. Have African Women Discovered An Economic Way? Nature London 319, 668-669.
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Serum acid phosphatase was measured in patients with enlarged benign and malignant prostate before and after rectal examination. Amongst the patients with benign glands, rectal examination did not produce any significant false elevation of the enzyme. Rectal examination, however, caused a rise in the enzyme level in a few untreated cancer patients and in cancer patients who has become refractory to hormonal therapy. This rise would help rather than mislead in the diagnosis of malignant prostate and also in the identifying treated patients who had become refractory to treatment. Thus, when serum acid phosphatase is properly determined, elevated levels should always arouse suspicion of malignant prostate or other lesions associated with high enzyme level even is such determination was preceded by rectal examination. There appears to be no merit in the teaching that the determination of serum acid phosphatase should be delayed after rectal examination. |
| 226 | 1986 | ANDERSEN, J., ZACHARIASSEN, K.E., MALOIY, G.M.O. And KAMAU,J.M.Z.(1986) Adaptation Of Carabid Beetles To Dry Habitats In East Africa. Journal Of Tropical Ecology 2, 127-138.
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Serum acid phosphatase was measured in patients with enlarged benign and malignant prostate before and after rectal examination. Amongst the patients with benign glands, rectal examination did not produce any significant false elevation of the enzyme. Rectal examination, however, caused a rise in the enzyme level in a few untreated cancer patients and in cancer patients who has become refractory to hormonal therapy. This rise would help rather than mislead in the diagnosis of malignant prostate and also in the identifying treated patients who had become refractory to treatment. Thus, when serum acid phosphatase is properly determined, elevated levels should always arouse suspicion of malignant prostate or other lesions associated with high enzyme level even is such determination was preceded by rectal examination. There appears to be no merit in the teaching that the determination of serum acid phosphatase should be delayed after rectal examination. |
| 227 | 1986 | ROSKAFT, E., ZACHARIASSEN, K.E., MALOIY, G.M.O. And KAMAU, J.M.Z.(1986) Temperature Regulation And Water Balance Of Day Active (Zophosis Congesta) Beetles In East Africa. Journal Of Tropical Ecology 2, 139-146.
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Serum acid phosphatase was measured in patients with enlarged benign and malignant prostate before and after rectal examination. Amongst the patients with benign glands, rectal examination did not produce any significant false elevation of the enzyme. Rectal examination, however, caused a rise in the enzyme level in a few untreated cancer patients and in cancer patients who has become refractory to hormonal therapy. This rise would help rather than mislead in the diagnosis of malignant prostate and also in the identifying treated patients who had become refractory to treatment. Thus, when serum acid phosphatase is properly determined, elevated levels should always arouse suspicion of malignant prostate or other lesions associated with high enzyme level even is such determination was preceded by rectal examination. There appears to be no merit in the teaching that the determination of serum acid phosphatase should be delayed after rectal examination. |
| 228 | 1986 | Eley, R.M., Strum S. And Muchemi, G. 1986. Nutritional Effects Upon Physical Condition Of Three Free-ranging Troops Of Baboons In Gilgil, Kenya. Primate Report 14:136
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Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi. Four hundred and thirty six pupils in two primary schools in Kibwezi, Kenya aged between seven and sixteen years and positive for S. mansoni were treated as follows: 320 pupils with a single dose of praziquantel at 40 mg/kg body weight and 116 controls with a placebo. Immediate and delayed side effects of praziquantel were observed. The main side-effects were abdominal pain (36.3%), headache (35.3%) and nausea (13.1%). There was correlation between frequencies of these side-effects and intensity of infection measured as eggs per gram of faeces. Other side-effects included dizziness (9.7%), fever (7.8%), urticaria and bloody diarrhoea. Overall, the side-effects of praziquantel were mild and transient, and did not require any intervention. For ethical reasons, all pupils who served as controls were treated with praziquantel after the study. PMID: 8898462 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
| 229 | 1986 | Ph.D. Thesis, "Electrocatalysis On Highly Polished Glassy Carbon Electrodes In Homogeneous And Micellar Media", University Of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269,
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| 230 | 1986 | The Toposa Verb.
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JASPA Working Paper, ILO, Addis Ababa
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| 231 | 1986 | Organochlorine Pesticide Residues In Chicken Fat: A Survey.
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One hundred and five chicken fat samples were collected between April, 1980 and February, 1982 from seven geographical locations in Kenya (15 samples/area). The samples were subjected to standard extraction and clean up procedures to recover organochlorine pesticides and were subsequently analysed using gas-liquid-chromatography. alpha-, beta-, and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane/benzene hexachloride (HCH/BHC; Lindane), aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, [1,1-dichloro-2, 2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene] (p,p'-DDE), [2-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-(p-chlorophenyl)-1, 1-dichloroethane] (o,p'-DDD/TDE), p,p'-DDD, [2-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1, 1-trichloroethane] (o,p'-DDT), and p,p'-DDT were detected in the samples in varying concentrations. A few samples had lindane, dieldrin, and total DDT residue levels above the respective practical residue limit (PRL) values, but for all pesticides, the mean residue values were below the PRL.
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| 232 | 1986 | Organochlorine Pesticides In Human Milk From Different Areas Of Kenya 1983-1985.
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Residue levels of the chlorinated hydrocarbons p,p'-DDT (2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane), p,p'-DDE (2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethane), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), alpha-, beta-, and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), aldrin, dieldrin, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in human milk of Kenyan mothers living in different areas of Kenya. The main organochlorine contaminants found in all the milk samples analyzed were p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE. Great regional differences were found, and mean levels of sum DDT and DDT/DDE ratio ranged from 1.1 to 18.7 mg/kg milk fat and from 0.7 to 5.7, respectively. In general, relatively low residue levels of HCB, alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, aldrin, and dieldrin were detected in 59, 37, 27, 37, and 19%, respectively, of all the milk samples analyzed. Quantifiable residue levels of PCBs and alpha-HCH were not found. The results were examined in relation to differences in living conditions with regard to agricultural activities, dietary habits, and reported use of pesticides in the various sampling areas.
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| 233 | 1986 | Reversible Inhibition Of Neurite Growth By Focal Electric Currents
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| 234 | 1986 | Managing Risk And Insurance For Small Business Entrepreneurs
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| 235 | 1986 | The Chorionic Sculpturing Of Eggs Of Some Kenyan Phlebotomine Sandflies
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Studies of outer chorionic sculpturing of eggs of four species of sandflies were carried out by the use of scanning electron microscope. Two species, P. martini and S. garnhami, which utilize similar resting sites, termite hill ventilation shafts, had similar chorionic sculpturing, while two other species (S. bedfordi and S. kirki) which use several resting sites, i.e. rock crevices, tree holes and termite ventilation shafts, had chorionic sculpturings which were dissimilar.
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| 236 | 1986 | Mati JKG, Sinei SK, Mulandi TN, Ndavi PM Et Al: Oral Contraceptive Use And The Risk Of Malaria: East Africa Medical Journal 63:6:382
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| 237 | 1986 | Pain--an African Perspective Kenya Nurs J. 1986 Dec;14(2):11-7, 22-3.
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| 238 | 1986 | Pain--an African Perspective. Nurs Pract. 1986;1(3):169-76.
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| 239 | 1986 | Bwibo N O And Onyango P Child Abuse And Labour, Chapter 33 In: Criminal Justice And Children Report On The Workshop On Criminal Justice And Children Held At Kenya Institute Of Administration, GOK, Nairobi
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| 240 | 1986 | Meme J. S., Hillma D., Hillman E., Macleod S., Bwibo N. O. University Of Nairobi, Department Of Paediatrics: The McGill Legacy Clin. Invest. Med 9: 14 1986.
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| 241 | 1986 | J.N.S. Jitta, R.N. Musoke, N.O. Bwibo, J. Kioni. Composition Of Early Human Early Human Milk Of Kenya Mothers Of Preterm And Term Infants. East Afr. Med. J. 63:693, 1986.
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| 242 | 1986 | Composition Of Early Human Milk Of Kenyan Mothers Of Preterm And Term Infants. East Afr Med J . 1986 Nov; 63 ( 11 ): 693-8 . No Abstract Available. PMID: 3582225 [PubMed - Indexed For MEDLINE] Jitta JN, Musoke RN, Bwibo NO, Kioni J.
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| 243 | 1986 | The Acute Leukaemias (Review Article)
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| 244 | 1986 | Ted Groenewegen, R. Githige And J. Mugambi, Christian Religious Education Book 1, Nairobi: Longman.
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Introduction to Philosophy of Religion, University of Nairobi, 1988
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| 245 | 1986 | Priciples And Methods Of Teaching The African Heritage, Quarterly Review Of Religious Studies, Vol. 1 No. 2.
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Introduction to Philosophy of Religion, University of Nairobi, 1988
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| 246 | 1986 | S. Yide And T. Groenewegen, Luke's Gospel, Weekly Review.
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Introduction to Philosophy of Religion, University of Nairobi, 1988
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| 247 | 1986 | "God Humanity And Nature In Ecumenical Discussion" Church And Society Report, Potsdam.
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Introduction to Philosophy of Religion, University of Nairobi, 1988
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| 248 | 1986 | "Justice, Peace And Integrity Of Creation In Ecumenical Agenda", Ibid.
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Introduction to Philosophy of Religion, University of Nairobi, 1988
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| 249 | 1986 | Quality Of Secondary School Education And Its Relevance To Self Employment In The Rural Areas Of Kenya, Bureau Of Educational Research, Kenyatta University.
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| 250 | 1986 | Some Reflections On The History Of MEDICOM.
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| 251 | 1986 | Medical Morarity, Medicus: Journal Of The Kenya Medical Association, Vol.5, No.3, March 1986 Pp.9-12.
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| 252 | 1986 | Myth As A Phenomenon In Christianity.
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| 253 | 1986 | Oniang'o, C.M.P. Some Reflections On The History Of Medical Ethics. MEDICOM: The African Journal Medicine
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| 254 | 1986 | Oniang'o, C.M.P. Medical Morality.
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| 255 | 1986 | Oniang'o, C.M.P. Myth As A Phenomena In Christianity.
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| 256 | 1986 | Olembo J.O. Financing Primary School Buildings In Kenya. Transafrica Press, Pp 73, 1986.
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| 257 | 1986 | Development Planning And Strategies For Rural And Agricultural Sector In Kenya: District Focus In The Semi-Arid Areas Of Kenya". Paper Prepared For The International Conference On Food Nutrition In Africa. Organised By The FAO And Ministry Of Finance And
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| 258 | 1986 | The District Focus Strategy In Kenya". Paper Prepared For The Conference On Alternative Development Strategies In Eastern Africa. Organised By The Organisation Of Social Science Research In Eastern Africa (OSSREA), Eldoret, Kenya, July 1986.
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| 259 | 1986 | The Manufacturing Informal Sector In Kenya. Lessons From Nairobi": Paper Prepared For The Workshop On Manufacturing And The Informal Sector In Africa, Organised By The National Council Of Science And Technology. Nairobi, Kenya, September 1986.
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| 260 | 1986 | The Role Of Indigenous NGO's In Africa Development: Consultancy Report Prepared On Behalf Of Voluntary Agents Development Assistance (VADA), Nairobi, October, 1986.
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| 261 | 1986 | Effects Of Chronic Administration Of Mianserin And Clomipramine Of Tryptophan Hydroxylase Activity In The Rat Brain
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| 262 | 1986 | 5. `Socio-economic Issues In The Control Of East Coast Fever (ECF) With Particular Reference To Kenya'
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| 263 | 1986 | Analyses Of The Dynamic Performance Of Photogrammetric And Cartographic Plotting Systems.
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| 264 | 1986 | Determination Of Manganese, Iron, Copper, Zinc, Cadmium And Lead In Fish Species, And Sediments From Mombasa Town And The Winam Gulf Of Lake Victoria,
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| 265 | 1986 | Karani F.A.; "Curriculum Development : An Approach To Designing Training Programmes" In International Journal Of University Adult Education. Vol XXV No 2. Don Bosco Printing Company, Hong Kong. July 1986 P 53 - 67.
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| 266 | 1986 | Karani F.A.; "Adult Education And Information Development Projections In Distance And Continuing Education" In Information For National Development. Proceedings Of The Kenya Library Association Annual Seminar, Nairobi. Published By The National Council Fo
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| 267 | 1986 | Paranoid Disorder--environmental, Cultural Or Constitutional Phenomenon?
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| 268 | 1986 | Experiences From A Marital-sex Therapy Clinic In Nairobi
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| 269 | 1986 | Transfer Of Research Results To The Kenyan Industry
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| 270 | 1986 | Design Standards, Performance And Maintenance Of Roads In Kenya
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| 271 | 1986 | Study Of Road Corrugations In Kenya
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| 272 | 1986 | Effect Of Vehicle Speeds On Corrugation Formation
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| 273 | 1986 | Research – Oriented Education In Africa.Development And Co-operation. D.S.E.
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| 274 | 1986 | Historical Perspective Of The Engineering Education In Kenya. Student Engineer.5th Issue. September – Oct. (pp 3 – 4).
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| 275 | 1986 | Geotechnical Properties Of Nairobi Soils
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| 276 | 1986 | Introduction To Building And Civil Engineering Drawing
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| 277 | 1986 | Education And Development In Eastern Province". Paper Presented At The Eastern Province Cultural Festival Symposium, Embu. Sponsored By The Institute Of African Studies, University Of Nairobi
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| 278 | 1986 | The African Household In Socio-Economic Change: A Conceptual Problem In Research", In Research Methods In Social Sciences: A Quest For Relevant Approaches For Africa, Edited By Bashir O.M., Fadhalla And Fassil G. Kiros And Published By Khartoum University
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| 279 | 1986 | "Women's Income And Fertility In Rural Kenya", Working Paper No. 441, Institute For Development Studies (IDS), University Of Nairobi (with C. Safilios-Rothschild), 1986
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| 280 | 1986 | "Some Notable Patterns Of Fertility Behavior In Africa: The Case Of Kenya". International Sociology, Vol. 1, No 2, Pp.203-211, 1986
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| 281 | 1986 | ANTIMICROBIAL SENSITIVITY IN CHOLERA IN KENYA.
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| 282 | 1986 | The Fergusonion Impact Mouton De Gryter
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| 283 | 1986 | Language Choice And Information Flow
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| 284 | 1986 | Factor In The Development Of Modem Arabic Usage
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| 285 | 1986 | G.O. Rading "The Status Of Materials Testing Equipment In Kenya" Presented At Seminar On Continuing Education Of Engineers, University Of Nairobi (1986)
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Fracture mechanics principles have been used to study the effects of welding on the rate of fatigue crack growth (FCG) in a low-carbon structural steel. The steel concerned is used widely in the fabrication of the structural frame-work of passenger buses. Tests were carried out on the base metal (BM), heat affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal (WM). Both the near threshold and midrange regimes of crack growth were studied. In the midrange regime, the FCG rate was highest in the HAZ and lowest in the WM. Near the threshold, the FCG rate was highest in the BM and lowest in the WM. The results are explained in terms of microstructural changes due to welding, welding residual stresses, and fracture mechanisms. Recommendations to reduce the incidence of fatigue cracking have been made.
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| 286 | 1986 | G.O. Rading "The Optimum Density Of Poly-Urethane Foam–Design Of A Shear Fatigue Tester" Internal Report, Kenya Bureau Of Standards (1986)
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Fracture mechanics principles have been used to study the effects of welding on the rate of fatigue crack growth (FCG) in a low-carbon structural steel. The steel concerned is used widely in the fabrication of the structural frame-work of passenger buses. Tests were carried out on the base metal (BM), heat affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal (WM). Both the near threshold and midrange regimes of crack growth were studied. In the midrange regime, the FCG rate was highest in the HAZ and lowest in the WM. Near the threshold, the FCG rate was highest in the BM and lowest in the WM. The results are explained in terms of microstructural changes due to welding, welding residual stresses, and fracture mechanisms. Recommendations to reduce the incidence of fatigue cracking have been made.
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| 287 | 1986 | : A Study Of The Quality Of Facilities That Exist For The Teaching Of O – Level Chemistry In Some Selected Secondary Schools In Mbiri Constituency Of Murang’a District.
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THE ABSTRACT
The primary task of this study was to investigate perceptions of the quality of the available facilities for the teaching of O – Level chemistry in some selected secondary schools by Chemistry teachers in Mbiri constituency of Murang’a district. The study was limited by among others: Firstly, it was carried out only in one area, Mbiri constituency. This will therefore not allow generalization the district, let alone to all secondary schools in Kenya. Secondly, the amount of money and time for this project, limited this project since it was too little to allow the researcher use a large sample. The project was therefore limited to 10 secondary schools randomly selected in the constituency. The 16 chemistry teachers from the selected schools served as the subjects for this project.
The major tool used in this study was a questionnaire which was personally administered by the researcher to the 16 chemistry teachers. The data collected was analysed using descriptive statistics. Percentages were used to determine the chemistry teachers’ perceptions of the quality of the available chemistry facilities. After analyzing the data it was apparent that:
(i) O – level chemistry teaching facilities are inadequate in these schools.
(ii) The shortage of these facilities is quickly becoming more acute owing partly to the increase of school enrolment and partly due to the increasing percentage of pupils taking up chemistry.
(iii) It was found out that even though these facilities were limited, the few that there are, are normally not used optimally.
(iv) Other major revelations from the study are constraints associated with the teaching of O – Level chemistry.
On the basis of the findings the researcher recommends the following among many others.
(i) The Ministry of Education, Science and Technology should step in and help to reduce the disparity of facilities between the government aided and harambee schools.
(ii) There should be regular seminars for all chemistry teachers at district level.
(iii) There is a real need to construct new science blocks in the near future at the established and upcoming schools.
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| 288 | 1986 | Investigation Of Attitudes Towards Mathematics By Teacher Trainees Of Migori And Kisii Teachers Training Colleges
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Abstract
Performance in Mathematics has been poor for the last many years. The course of the problem has not been established. Children at the primary level of education in Kenya are not known to have probems with mathematics concepts. This is clear from the good performance in the subject at the national examination level (KCPE). Students start having problems with Mathematics concepts at the secondary level. Results in mathematics at the national secondary examination tell it all; poor performance.
It is suspected that the problems related with Mathematics among school pupils emanates from the teachers of Mathematics. This is what necessitated the study; to investigate the attitudes of the teacher trainees who on their graduation become teachers of Mathematics.
The study established that the teacher trainees from the two Colleges was negative. The teacher trainees took mathematics because it was compulsory. It was found out that most of them did not pass mathematics at their qualifying examination to College. Probably, this is why they hold negative attitudes towards the subject. This may be the reason why the pupils they teach may not like the subject.
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| 289 | 1986 | Review Of World Health Organization Video Programmes On Immunization And Of Radio Programmes
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| 290 | 1986 | 3. A Review Of A WHO Video Programme And Two WHO Radio Programmes On Health
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| 291 | 1986 | 3. A Review Of A WHO Video Programme And Two WHO Radio Programmes On Health
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| 292 | 1986 | Defense Reactions Of Glossina Morsitans Morsitans Against Different Species Of Bacteria And Trypanosoma Brucei Brucei.
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| 293 | 1986 | Cellular And Humoral Defenses Of Glossina (Diptera: Glossinidae): Reactions Against Bacteria, Trypanosomes And Experimental Implants.
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| 294 | 1986 | Humoral Immunity In Tsetse: Differences In Response Due To Sex And Age Of Tsetse, Species And Doses Of Immunizing Agents And The In Vitro Effects Of Temperature And Bacterial Factors.
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| 295 | 1986 | Macro - Economic Survey For The SADCC Region
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| 296 | 1986 | Etude Sociologique De La Situation Du Fran
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| 297 | 1986 | The Economics Of Health And Nutrition In Kenya
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| 298 | 1986 | A Portfolio Model Of Patients' Behavior
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| 299 | 1986 | Health Care Financing In Kenya: A Simulation Of Welfare Effects Of User Fees
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| 300 | 1986 | Health Care Decisions At The Household Level: Results Of A Rural Health Survey In Kenya
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| 301 | 1986 | Un Cas D’ Edute La Foret Tropical De Kakamega – Nandi. Uest Kenya
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| 302 | 1986 | `Fiscal Deficits, Domestic Credit And Balance Of Payments: Tests Of Granger Causality
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| 303 | 1986 | Migration Differentials And Rural Depopulation In Kenya: Development Planning Implications
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| 304 | 1986 | Population And Development Planning In Kenya
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| 305 | 1986 | Coexistence Of Rural-Urban Migration And Urban-Rural Links In Sub-Saharan Africa
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| 306 | 1986 | Rural Orientation, Return Migration And Future Movements Of Urban Migrants: A Study Of Kisumu Town, Kenya
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| 307 | 1986 | Economic And Ethnic Factors In Kenyan Migration Movements
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| 308 | 1986 | Stochastic Modelling Of Regional Annual Rainfall Anomalies In East Africa
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| 309 | 1986 | Some Aspects Of The Ecology And Behaviour Of Savannah Ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) And Their Impact On Termite (Isoptera) Prey Populations In Kajiado District, Kenya
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| 310 | 1986 | Drug Resistance In Schitosomiasis
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| 311 | 1986 | CHRIST OUR ELDER: A Christological Study From The Agĩkũyũ Concept Of Elder.
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| 312 | 1986 | Future Prospects Of Biological Control Of Tsetse.
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| 313 | 1986 | Humoral Immunity In Tsetse: Differences In Response Due To Sex And Age Of Tsetse, Species And Doses Of Immunizing Agents And The In Vitro Effects Of Temperature And Bacterial Factors. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY
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| 314 | 1986 | Characteristics Of Acquired Humoral Immunity In Tsetse Flies, Glossina Morsitans Morsitans
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| 315 | 1986 | Munyua, W.K. (1986): Studies On The Effect Of Splenectomy On Anaemia In Dogs Experimentally Infected With Trypanosoma Brucei Brucei (Plimmer And Bradford, 1899). Kenya J. Sci. Tech. Ser B 7(1): 51-59.
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| 316 | 1986 | Kanyari, P.W.N., Munyua, W.K. And Wilson, A.J. (1986): Goat Trypanosomiasis: Trypanotolerance And Epidemiology Among Goat Breeds In Kenya. Bull. Anim. Hlth. Prod. Afr. 34 (2) 93-97.
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| 317 | 1986 | OKOTH, M.W. & WILLIAMS, A. Thermal Performance Of Some Flat Plate Solar Water Heaters,.
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| 318 | 1986 | Maternal Child Health/Family Planning And Information , Education Communication, Demonstration Project Proposal, LBDA Kisumu Kenya, 1986 Pp. 34 Annex. I, II, III LBDA
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| 319 | 1986 | River Profile Studies Summery Report, Kisumu 1986 Pp. 58 LBDA
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| 320 | 1986 | The Role Of Kikuyu Women In The Mau Mau
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| 321 | 1986 | Productive Efficiency And Productivity Change In Kenyan Manufacturing
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| 322 | 1986 | Reaction Of The Predacious Mite, Amblyseius Gossipi To Three Varieties Of Bacillus Thuringiensis Under Laboratory Conditions ( Acari; Phytoseiidae)
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| 323 | 1986 | Studies In Cooperatives: Their Role In The Kenyan Economy
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| 324 | 1986 | Effect Ofcoumarin And Garlic Acid, Allelochemics, On The Survival And Reproduction Of The Two Spotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus Urticae ( Acari: Tetranychidae).
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| 325 | 1986 | DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF LOW COST BUILDING MATERAILS IN KENYA
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| 326 | 1986 | Tensile Bond Strength Of Fluorosed Kenyan Teeth Using The Acid Etches Techniques
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| 327 | 1986 | Gichuki, F.N., Walker W.R. And Merkley, G.P.: 1986.
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| 328 | 1986 | Organochlorine Pesticides In Human Milk From Different Areas Of Kenya
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| 329 | 1986 | Detailed Soil Survey Of The Voo Research Sub-Station (Kitui District)
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| 330 | 1986 | Detailed Soil Survey Of The Voo Research Sub-Station (Kitui District)
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| 331 | 1986 | The 1969-1979 Fertility Changes In Kenya And Recommendations For Alternative Policy Measures For Controlling High Population Growth Rates
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| 332 | 1986 | POLICY AND PLANNING F0R THE RURAL AND AGRICULTURAL SECT0R: DISTRICT F0CUS AND THE ARID AND SEMI-APIP LANPS IN KENYA
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| 333 | 1986 | Acid Strength At Clay Mineral Surfaces
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The interactions of ,{1 3+ -montmorillonite, Na+ - montmorillonite and Na+ -kaolinite with selected Hammett indicators have been reinvestigated. The use of a series of indicators with different acid strengths, Ho, to determine the activity of protons on the clay surface was basid on the assumption that the activity of H+ on the clay surface is equivalent to activity in solution. The results show that A13+- montmorillonite had the hiehest acid strength, especially after drying at 1lfc. Na+-kaolinite had Ih" lo*r"rt acid strength, at two moisture levels: befirre washing with ethanol and u{"l g1lporation of this alcohol. At all moisture levels the acid strength of A1'* -montmorillonite was greater than that of either Nai - montmorillonite or Na+ - kaolinite.
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| 334 | 1986 | Antimicrobial Sensitivity In Cholera In Kenya
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Investigations were carried out with a view to
establishing vibrio cholerae susceptibility to
various antimicrobial agents. Tetracycline,
chlorampenicol, co-trimoxazole, Erythromycin,
Ampicillin, Minocycline, Amoxycillin and Nalidixic
acid were included.
Vibrio cholerae strains tested from 178 isolates were
found to be completely resistant to Co-trimoxazole
and amoxycillin. Complete resistance was encountered
to Tetracycline, in Kirinyaga district (N=124) and
highly resistant in Nyanza Province 67%(N=33).
Variable high resistance was also encountered to
Erythromycin 65.2% (N=178) and ampicillin 99.3%(N=l78)
The V. cholerae strains were 100% sensitive to
Minocycline and Nalidixlc acid, and 84.3% sensitive to
chloramphenicol.
The multiple drug resistance encountered is
usually confered by plasmids.
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| 335 | 1986 | Humoral Immunity In Tsetse: Differences In Response Due To Sex And Age Of Tsetse, Species And Doses Of Immunizing Agents And The In Vitro Effects Of Temperature And Bacterial Factors
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| 336 | 1986 | Advanced Materials Science–Some Aspects Relevant To Design And Failure Prevention
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| 337 | 1986 | A Possible Practical Physiological Parameter For The Evaluation Of Bean Cultivars (Phaseolus Vulgaris) Suited To Semi-arid Environments [in Kenya]
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| 338 | 1986 | Delivery And Financing Of Health Care In Kenya
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| 339 | 1986 | Implementation Of Automated Housekeeping Systems In Academic Libraries In Kenya.
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| 340 | 1986 | An Unusual Intra-renal Arterio-venous Fistula: A Case Report
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| 341 | 1986 | Aspects Of Proterozoic Tectonics In East Africa
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| 342 | 1986 | Effect Of Vehicle Speeds On Corrugation Formation
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| 343 | 1986 | In-service Course For Untrained Teachers: English, Unit 1 Grammar,Part Two, School Of Distance Studies, University Of Nairobi And Ministry Of EducationScience And Technology
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| 344 | 1986 | Incentives For Increased Agricultural Production. A Case Study Of Kenya's Sugar Industry.
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| 345 | 1986 | Incentives For Increased Agricultural Production. A Case Study Of Kenya's Sugar Industry.
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| 346 | 1986 | Incentives For Increased Agricultural Production. A Case Study Of Kenya's Sugar Industry.
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| 347 | 1986 | Treatment Of Urethral Strictures
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| 348 | 1986 | Dissipation Of Persistent Pesticides In The Tropics, Using Isotope Techniques
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| 349 | 1986 | The Effects Of Correlation Energy On High Frequency Quantum Plasma Waves In A Magnetic Field
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| 350 | 1986 | Foraging Preferences Of The African Armyworm (Spodoptera Exempta Walk.)
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| 351 | 1986 | Three Day Oral Course Of Augmentin To Treat Chancroid
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Amoxycillin and clavulanic acid (Augmentin; Beecham Research Laboratories) was used to treat patients with bacteriologically proved chancroid in three different dose regimens. A single dose of Augmentin (amoxycillin 3 g, clavulanic acid 350 mg) was found to be ineffective. A similar dose repeated after 24 hours was equally ineffective, but a dose (amoxycillin 500 mg, clavulanic acid 250 mg) given every 8 hours for three days was found to be effective. The drug was well tolerated and no side effects were noted in any of the patients treated
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| 352 | 1986 | The Importance Attached To The Sugar Industry And Sugarcane Outgrowers Organizations In The District And Local Level Planning Strategies [in Kenya]
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| 353 | 1986 | Kenya Meteorological Department, Nairobi, Kenya
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| 354 | 1986 | The Methane Emission By Termites.
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| 355 | 1986 | On Outlier Identification In Geodetic Networks Using Principal Component Analysis
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| 356 | 1986 | Http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/30224
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| 357 | 1986 | Monitoring And Evaluation Of Deve Lopment Programmes. Communications For Basic Services Regional Training Projects, UNICEF
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| 358 | 1986 | New Prospects For University-Industrial Co-operation In Africa
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| 359 | 1986 | Refugee And Displaced Women In Independent African States
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| 360 | 1986 | Aetiology Of Liver Cirrhosis In Kenya
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| 361 | 1986 | The Participation Of Women In Science And Technology In The Next Century.
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| 362 | 1986 | An Age Related Point Prevalence Study Of Markers Of Hepatitis B Virus Infection In Kenya
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| 363 | 1986 | Structure And Anti-hypertensive Properties Of Nitidine Chloride From Fagara Species
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| 364 | 1986 | Requirements In The Effective Training Of Geoscientists In Kenya
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| 365 | 1986 | A Review Of Chemical Reactions In The Atmosphere And Their Impact On Environment
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| 366 | 1986 | The Role Of Co-operatives In Development Of The Kenyan Economy
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| 367 | 1986 | The Role Of Co-operatives In Development Of The Kenyan Economy
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| 368 | 1986 | Study Of Vehicle Dynamics And Road Corrugations In Kenya
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| 369 | 1986 | Trends In Developments Of Surveying Instruments And Methodologies.
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| 370 | 1986 | Station Specific Downscaling Of Climate Outlook Forecasts For GreaterHorn Of Africa Kenya Meteorological Society Workshop On Meteorological Research Applications And Services Seventh KMS Journal
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| 371 | 1986 | Action Aid-Kenya Young Farmers Scheme Evaluation
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| 372 | 1986 | Urbanization And Spatial Planning In Kenya. A Case Of Bottoms-up Approach To Planning
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| 373 | 1986 | Use Of Teething Technique To Estimate Age In Goats
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| 374 | 1986 | Chepkoechjosh@gmail.com
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| 375 | 1986 | Strains Of BCMV And Their Interaction With I-gene Bean Varieties
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| 376 | 1986 | Soils Of Bondo Area
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| 377 | 1986 | Department Of Economics University Of Nairobi, Studies On Co-operatives: Papers Presented …,
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| 378 | 1986 | Building Contract Performance: A Case Study Of Government Projects In Kenya
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The success of any project is determined mainly by the effectiveness of the procedure used and by the efficiency of the organizational tools employed. Building and construction projects in general are particularly very sensitive to the nature of the organizational structure of the implementation team. This is so because many different, autonomous and fragmented institutions are brought together to combine their various expertise with a comon objective of producing a structure to the satisfaction of the client. It is the efficiency of combining their various activities that generally determines the success of the project. In Kenya, many reports have continued to appear in the local newspapers, professional journals and even meetings have been held by the respective institutions on accusations and counter accusations on the performance of government building contracts. The concern has been raised by a few cases of delayed projects which are likely be the tip of the iceberg, because nobody has come up with an emperical data to prove their side of the argument. Among other methods of measuring contract performance are cost and time, the success which contributes to yet another measure-client satisfaction The aim of this study is to establish whether or not the performance of government building contracts in terms of cost and time was poor in the period 1967 - 1981.~ This is done by use of a statistical technique - regression and correlation analysis as programmed in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS)• It is shown that majority of government building contracts suffer cost and time overruns. Time overruns are more frequent than cost overruns and the two are not related. Big projects have been shown to be more prone to both time and cost overruns than the smaller ones although delays have been found to bear no relationship to contract sizes.
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| 379 | 1986 | Response Of Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas(NHLs) In Patients Aged Thirteen Years And ,above To Treatment With Radiotherapy, Chemo Therapy , Of Combined Modality Therapy At Kenyatta National Hospital (K.N.H) ) And Factors Influencing The Response To Treatment And P
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| 380 | 1986 | Multivariate Analysis Of Kenya's Urban System
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| 381 | 1986 | Re: An Appeal Letter For Pharmacy Department Development Programme
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| 382 | 1986 | Re: An Appeal Letter For Pharmacy Department Development Programme
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| 383 | 1986 | Computers In Education At The Aga Khan Academy Nairobi, Kenya: A Study Of The Impact Of The Innovation
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| 384 | 1986 | Response Of Seasonal Rainfall In East Africa To The Weather Changes Over Some Regions Of The Indian Ocean
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| 385 | 1986 | Response Of Seasonal Rainfall In East Africa To The Weather Changes Over Some Regions Of The Indian Ocean
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| 386 | 1986 | Carcinoma Of The Oesophagus: Alcohol, Tobacco And Vitamins
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| 387 | 1986 | The Role Of Meteorology In The National Food System: A Management Perspective
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| 388 | 1986 | Health Outreach And Control Of HIV Infection In Kenya
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This paper highlights the role of mobilization of individuals and community groups and health professionals in prevention of HIV transmission. It traces the educational strategy employed to reach the general population and selected groups at risk. In Kenya, the general awareness about AIDS started to grow in late 1985 and increased in 1986--87. This has resulted in reduction ofthe incidence of some sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The importance of pretesting education material as well as monitoring and evaluation of educational efforts to lay the ground for culturally appropriate and more effective health education messages to combat HIV transmission is presented. The paper concludes by emphasizing the importance of developing the HIV infection programs with the people and for the people. Key Words: Human immunodeficiency rvirus-Prevention-Kenya-Sexually transmitted diseases.
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| 389 | 1986 | Production Systems And Labour
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| 390 | 1986 | Low Birthweight.
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| 391 | 1986 | Demographic Characteristics
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| 392 | 1986 | The Need For Aquatic Pollution Studies In Kenyan Inland Waters
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The need for baseline data on pollution studies to the aquatic biota of Kenyan Inland waters is of profound importance. Aware of the possible contamination of the rivers and Lakes with heavy metals, pesticides and other pollutants used around them for the control of tropical diseases and treatment of agricultural crops, a monitoring programme is necessary.
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| 393 | 1986 | Plasma Testosterone In View The MathML Source View The MathML Source-infected Toggenburg Goats
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| 394 | 1986 | The Effects Of Phosphorus And Nitrogen Fertilizer Level On Nodulation, Growth And Dinitrogen Fixation Of Three Bean Cultivars.
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Application of P (150 kg P/ha) increased nodulation, dry matter yield, P uptake, tissue N yield, dinitrogen fixation and seed yield of the three bean cultivars (Rose Coco, Canadian Wonder and Mwezi moja) at both N levels (10 and 100 kg N/ha). A high dose of N severely reduced nodulation only where P was not applied but severely reduced dinitrogen fixation at both P levels. Where P was applied cultivars fixed comparable quantities of dinitrogen. At no P + 10 kg N/ha cultivar Rose Coco nodulated well early in the growth stages and fixed substantial dinitrogen
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| 395 | 1986 | The Kenyan Primary Health Care Programmes And The Supportive Options For The Mass Media
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| 396 | 1986 | Effect Of Cyolane Intoxification Of The Protein Contents In Epithelial Cells Of Clarias Lazera. Egypt
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| 397 | 1986 | Comparative Haemomonochorial Placentation In Different Mammalian Species
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| 398 | 1986 | Premedication With 40mg. Temazepam Before Minor Surgery
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| 399 | 1986 | Ontogenetical Studies Of The Obligatory Parasitic Mite, Varroa Jacobsoni (Acarina : Mesostigmata)
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| 400 | 1986 | Agricultural Research And Development Policy In Kenya
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| 401 | 1986 | Rural, Woman's Contribution To Economic Development
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| 402 | 1986 | Isolation And Identification Of Haemophilus Ducreyi In A Clinical Laboratory
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Routine procedures used to isolate Haemophilus ducreyi in a busy laboratory are reported. Identification was based on colony morphology and nutritional and biochemical properties of 120 fresh isolates of H. ducreyi. These isolates grew very well on Gonococcal Agar and Mueller-Hinton Agar incubated at 34 degrees C in candle extinction jars containing moistened filter paper. Colonies varied in size, giving a polymorphic appearance. They were smooth, dome-shaped, and buff-yellow to grey in colour, and measured 2 mm in diameter. They could be pushed intact across the agar surface. By microscopic examination of gram-stained smears the isolates were gram-negative coccobacilli arranged in short chains, clumps or whorls and occasionally in typical "rail track" arrangements. Individual bacteria showed bipolar staining. Colonies autoagglutinated in saline. All strains were catalase-negative and did not produce indole or H2S. They were oxidase- and beta-lactamase positive and required X but not V factor for growth. Now that reliable techniques have been developed and characteristics established it is possible for most clinical laboratories to isolate and identify this organism from most patients with chancroid.
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| 403 | 1986 | Determination Of Velocity Fields In Newtonian And Non- Newtonian Lubricating Films
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| 404 | 1986 | The Performance Of Multistage Group Screening Designs
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This article deals with multistage group screening in which group-factors contain the same number of factors. A usual assumption of this procedure is that the directions of possible effects are known. In practice, however, this assumption i s often unreasonable. This paper examines, in the case of no errors in observations, the performance of multistage group screening when this assumption is false . This enails consideration of cancellation effects within group-factors
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| 405 | 1986 | Haematological Investigations In Visceral Leishmaniasis
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Various haematological parameters were followed in a group of 47 Kenyan patients with visceral leishmaniasis during treatment and follow up. The WBC and platelet numbers were normal by the time of cure, the Hb level took longer to become normal. Red cells were microcytic and hypochromic. MCV and MCH increased during follow up but microcytosis persisted up to a year after cure. Low serum iron and transferrin concentration, low total iron binding capacity and normal to high serum ferritin levels were found in 10 patients and are consistent with 'anaemia of chronic inflammation'. Bone marrows of 15 patients before treatment were normo- to hypercellular with increased erythropoietic activity. Low haemosiderin content of the bone marrow was consistent with iron deficiency, but normalization of Hb without iron suppletion would argue against a major role of iron deficiency. Coagulation studies did not indicate diffuse intravascular coagulation. Splenomegaly seems the most important factor in the causation of the pancytopenia. Further studies of contributing factors and of the cause and mechanism of 'hypersplenism' are needed.
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| 406 | 1986 | Maternal Child Health/Family Planning And Information
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| 407 | 1986 | Hepatitis B Virus And Primary Liver Cell Carcinoma. The Application Of Molecular Biology.
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Worldwide, primary liver cell carcinoma (PLC) is one of the most common tumours. Epidemiological evidence has implicated hepatitis B virus (HBV) in its aetiology and the mechanisms whereby HBV could operate at the genomic level have been investigated using the techniques of molecular biology. The resemblance of certain features of HBV to the retroviruses has also suggested mechanisms whereby malignant transformation may take place, but as yet there is no clear evidence for HBV being directly oncogenic. This has suggested to some that it is the persistent inflammatory reaction caused by HBV infection that is instrumental in causing PLC. We believe, however, that HBV can act independently of this mechanism and that the failure so far to show this at the molecular level may be due to technical reasons.
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| 408 | 1986 | Hepatitis B Virus DNA In Fulminant Hepatitis B.
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| 409 | 1986 | Hepatitis Delta Virus Infection In Kenya. Its Geographic And Tribal Distribution.
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In 1982-1984, an epidemiologic survey of the prevalence of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) in circulating blood (HBs-antigenemia) and of hepatitis delta virus infection was performed in Kenya. The distributions of hepatitis B virus and the delta virus were shown to be very variable. In southern Kenya, only two of 202 sera from HBsAg-positive individuals with no known liver disease and none from 123 HBsAg-positive patients with hepatitis B-related liver disease were positive for delta antibody. In contrast, in northern Kenya, there was an overall prevalence of delta antibody in healthy individuals of 31%. The distribution of delta infection is discussed in relation to lifestyle, ethnic group, and geographic area.
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| 410 | 1986 | Patterns Of Water Consumption In The Middle Income Areas Of Nairobi
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| 411 | 1986 | MIRCENS: Catalytic Tools In Agricultural Training And Development
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A global network of Microbiological Resources Centres (MIRCENs) , set up by Unesco, includes five centres concerned with biological nitrogen fixation. These centres are Kenya, Brazil, the United States and Senegal-train experts in the methods of Rhizobium inoculation, which when applied to certain leguminous plants can often avert the need to use expensive chemical nitrogen fertilizers in food crop production. The MIRCENs constitute an excellent example of international co-operation in science.
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| 412 | 1986 | Heterochromatin Staining Pattern Of Quail-chicken Hybrid Lymphocytes.
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Feulgen-Rossenbeck staining of lymphoid cells of quail-chicken hybrids in histologic sections revealed a pattern of heterochromatin arrangement distinguishable from that of either parental type. During interphase, hybrid lymphocytes exhibited combined characteristics of both the parental quail and the parental chicken. Hybrid heterochromatin was arranged in a large central mass as in the quail and in fairly evenly distributed small chromacenters around the periphery of the nucleus similar to the arrangement in the chicken. It is suggested that this pattern of staining can be used as a marker for hybrid cells in studies of genetic interactions.
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| 413 | 1986 | The Role Of The State In The Control Of Urban Development : Urban Land Policy For Nairobi, Kenya.
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| 414 | 1986 | A Study Of Housing Needs Assessment A Case Study Of Malindi Town
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The gap between what amount of housing is available and the desired housing level represents housing need. Investigations have shown that this need is growing over time, with little in the form of more housing being provided. In order to gauge by how far this need is being satisfied, it is necessary to undertake some study of housing needs in an area. This project work comprises a study of methods for estimating overall housing needs. Prevailing theories of housing need have concentrated very much on the physical housing product itself as a representation of what and how much housing is required. Some of these theories and their practical applications in estimating housing needs are investigated. The results of most of these methods point out that the housing problem in many developing countries is one of unmanageable proportions, and that the needs have in many cases been measured unconvincingly. These methods have been applied to the study area of Malindi Town in the Coast Province of Kenya. The results of the study reveal the deficiencies in the current assessment methods. Any proper method for estimating housing needs should consider important elements like the environmental quality of the houses and their surrounding neighborhoods. It should also consider the level of housing services and peoples cultures that are necessary for the decent living of the occupants, whether these occupants can or cannot afford these essentials. The proposed model in this study incorporates a methodology for assessing housing needs in the light of the above prerequisites, which have often been neglected in the current housing need estimates. Though without fault, the method at least tries to reduce some of the defects inherent in the prevailing methods for estimating housing needs. There are three main parts to the study. First, housing needs are discussed in relation to current theories and methods of measuring them. Models are given and analysed against the magnitude of the housing problem as portrayed by other analysts. The second part is about the study area, Malindi Town in Coast Province, in which the various methods have been applied in order to test the hypothesis and carry out aims of the study. Data on population trends, household sizes, income structures, building materials, housing information .and construction activities are presented and analysed to provide a basis for the estimations. The third section links parts one and two in actual housing needs estimation using data obtained from a field survey. This section winds up with summary and recommendations obtained from the results of the estimations. Housing needs should not be assessed literayfor, they involve more than what meets the eye and more often they should be measured in recognition of the society's housing norms and allied attitudes
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| 415 | 1986 | Short Distance Runners
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| 416 | 1986 | Translating The Language Of Development Communication Into Kiswahili: A Case Of Mediating Meaning, Difference And Ambiguity In Cross-cultural Communication
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Communicating the concepts and practices of development by way of translation across languages and cultures is always intertwined with linguistic and conceptual tensions which blur meaning, distort communicative intention and nurture conceptual ambiguity in target paradigms. In order to create linguistically viable and functional cross-cultural communication, translation has to rely on myriad strategies entailing mediating meaning, that is, rendering cross-cultural communications in ways that make intended meaning accessible and usable. Meanings of concepts and their practices are subtly nuanced and understood in different languages and cultures. Meaning nuances as such denote tensions between incongruent linguistic and cultural interests and in situations of such tensions, translation provides a forte for mediating both linguistic and cultural differences of the interacting languages. This paper seeks to argue that translations of specialized terminologies in any field of human activity do not always result in explicit meaning equivalences, but rather in meanings that are contextually situated and culturally nuanced. Translating in such situations requires that we identify and account for how people and language communities make meaning of concepts on the basis of their own circumstances, worldviews and in their local languages. Thus, lack of linguistic equivalencies and the presence of meaning indeterminacy in translation is not a reflection of translational failure but rather, a calling to attention of the differences in the perceptions and interpretations of concepts across languages, which in subtle ways represent modes of thinking and communicating (Hoppers 2002). Successful and functional translation of specialized terminologies must be underpinned by the realization that conceptual meanings are always situated in cultural, contextual and temporal terms. Their transmission through translation into ‘new’ contexts can never be straightforward but rather mediated.
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| 417 | 1986 | Comparative Study Of The Indirect Haemagglutinati On (iha) Test And Enzyme - Linked Immunosorbent Assay (elisa) In The Diagnosis Of Hydatidosis In Man
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| 418 | 1986 | Comparative Study Of The Indirect Haemagglutinati On (iha) Test And Enzyme - Linked Immunosorbent Assay (elisa) In The Diagnosis Of Hydatidosis In Man
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| 419 | 1986 | Severity Of Consequences For The Leader And Subordinates Work History As Determinants Of Leader Attribution
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The effects of the level of seriousness of consequences of a subordinates performance and the nature of a subordinate's work history on leader attribution and response were investigated in a 2 x 3 factorial design with a sample of 46 male and 38 female junior and middle-level managers. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of six experimental conditions. Two variables, "consequences" of subordinate's performance and subordinate's "work history" were manipulated in a laboratory setting. As expected, (1) the level of internal attribution and response directed at the subordinate increased with the increase in the seriousness of consequences; (2) Internal attribution and the level of response directed at the subordinate were greater in the "poor work history" situation than in the "good work history" situation. Contrary to expectation, however, there was no significant difference between the two levels of serious consequences, i.e., "serious" and "serious with consequences" for the manager.
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| 420 | 1986 | A Prediction Model For Crop Yield In Mixed Culture Cropping System.
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| 421 | 1986 | Evaluation Of Socio-economic Aspects Of Smallholder Irrigated Rice Schemes. The Case Of Anyiko, Alungo And Nyachoda Schemes In Nyanza Province Of Kenya
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Gives the results of the evaluation of socio-economic aspects of three smallholder irrigated rice schemes in Nyanza Province of Kenya. These includes the Anyiko, Alungo and Nyachoda rice schemes. Discusses the involvement of the provincial irrigation unit in the rehabilitation and extension of irrigated rice production in these schemes. Results show that irrigated rice production is the only crop production enterprise that can guarantee a source of both food and attractive cash income in the three rice schemes.
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| 422 | 1986 | The Physical Background Of Busia District
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| 423 | 1986 | The Physical Background Of Muranga District
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| 424 | 1986 | The Physical Background Of S Outh Nyanza District
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| 425 | 1986 | The Physical Background Of Samburu District
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| 426 | 1986 | The Physical Background Of Taita Taveta District
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| 427 | 1986 | Comparison Of Tetracycline And Silver Nitrate For The Prophylaxis Of Chlamydial And Gonococcal Ophthalmia Neo-natorum
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| 428 | 1986 | Population Problem In Kenya
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| 429 | 1986 | Droughts And Their Effects On Food Policies In Africa
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| 430 | 1986 | In Sacco-digestibility Of Urea Treated Maize Stover
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| 431 | 1986 | Monitoring Livestock And Wildlife In Kenya
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| 432 | 1986 | Effect Of Schistosomulicidal Drugs On Attrition And Distribution Patterns Of Schistosoma Mansoni Schistosomula In Mice
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| 433 | 1986 | Factor In The Development Of Modem Arabic Usage
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| 434 | 1986 | Embryo Transfer Technology: Procedures, Problems And Prospects.
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| 435 | 1986 | Perinatal Transmission Of Hepatitis B Virus In Kenya: Its Relation To The Presence Of Serum Hbv-dna And Anti-hbe In The Mother
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In Kenya hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and its sequelae are common. We followed up 49 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)- positive mothers and their newborn infants for 9 months to determine the importance of perinatal transmission in the African and to relate this to the HBe and HBV-DNA status of the mother. Our study shows that perinatal transmission is relatively unimportant in Kenya and that this may be a consequence of the low levels of circulating HBV-DNA in the maternal plasma. These results imply that vaccination without hyperimmune globulin may be adequate to control HBV infection in Kenya
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| 436 | 1986 | The Fergusonion Impact Mouton De Gryter
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| 437 | 1986 | Flower Bulb Forcing In Kenya
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Cut flowers are among the most important horticultural produce in Kenya for domestic and export markets. Other than carnations, roses, statice, mollucela etc., bulbous plants such as liatris, arabicum, tuberose, ornithogalum, orchids, gladiolus and alstroemeria contribute a small percentage of cut flower production in Kenya. Some of these bulbous plants are temperate in origin and require low temperature treatment for dormancy release, flower induction and floral stalk elongation. Due to lack of outdoor chilling temperatures in the tropics the use cool chambers (3–5°C) is practised to chill propagative materials such as gladiolus and liatris corms. The other bulbous plants only require forcing practices such as irrigation, fertilization, and pest control to produce good quality cut flowers. The use of growth regulators in flower-bulb forcing has been minimal due to the high cost of the chemicals.
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| 438 | 1986 | Healing Of Intestinal Anastomoses In Cattle:An Evaluation Of End To End Approximating Techniques
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| 439 | 1986 | Geographical Characteristics Of Marsabit District
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| 440 | 1986 | Immunological Characterization Of The Antigens Of Hydatid Cyst Fluid.
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Experimentally, two hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) antigens (antigens 4 and 5) were found to be the most immunogenic antigens in HCF. The two antigens were precipitated together from HCF. This was done by adding 2M phosphotungstic acid and 2M magnesium chloride pollutions to clarified HCF whilte continuously stirring the mixture. The precipitate formed was suspend in physiological saline (PS). This antigens solutions was used to coat microtitre plates fro indirect ELISA. Indirect ELISA was performed on 180 randomly selected bovine sera. The sensitivity of the test was found to be 98% while the specificity was 70%. The predictive value was 89%. Although the specificity of the test was relatively low, the test using these partially purified antigens was found to be useful because of its high sensitivity.
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| 441 | 1986 | Immunological Characterization Of The Antigens Of Hydatid Cyst Fluid.
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Experimentally, two hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) antigens (antigens 4 and 5) were found to be the most immunogenic antigens in HCF. The two antigens were precipitated together from HCF. This was done by adding 2M phosphotungstic acid and 2M magnesium chloride pollutions to clarified HCF whilte continuously stirring the mixture. The precipitate formed was suspend in physiological saline (PS). This antigens solutions was used to coat microtitre plates fro indirect ELISA. Indirect ELISA was performed on 180 randomly selected bovine sera. The sensitivity of the test was found to be 98% while the specificity was 70%. The predictive value was 89%. Although the specificity of the test was relatively low, the test using these partially purified antigens was found to be useful because of its high sensitivity.
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| 442 | 1986 | A Portfolio Model Of Patients' Behavior
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| 443 | 1986 | The Incidence Of East Coast Fever (ECF), Anaplasmosis And Babesiosis In Kabete Area Of Kiambu District Of Kenya.
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| 444 | 1986 | Population Growth In Kenya And Policy Interventions
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| 445 | 1986 | Intestinal Anastomosis In Cattle: Comparison Of Appositional Techniques
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| 446 | 1986 | Levels, Causes And Factors Affecting Mortality In A Herd Of Small East African Goats On A Semi-arid Thornbush Savannah
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Kenya comprises vast arid and semi-arid areas and at the present level of technology and economic infrastructure in the country, the only feasible way to prod-:&z food for human consumption from these areas is through domestic ruminants. Small stock production has played a major role in th economy of range areas in the past 10 years. Sheep and goats have contributed significantly more than cattle in terms of livestock products in these areas (Semenye, 1977). The goat population has recently been estimated at 7.7 million with 40% of these being kept by pastoralists (Stotz, 1983). An increasing proportion of goats is observed in the pastoralists flocks with increasing aridity of the environment, leading to the assumption that goats are better adapted to the conditions of the arid rangeland of Northern Kenya. High mortality rates, especially prcweaning, has been cited as a major constraint on improving productivity. Wilson et al. (1985) reported a preweaning mortality of 28.6% for goats in a Maasai ranch. Carles et al. (1982), working in a pastoral area in Northern Kenya, reported mortalities of 6-12% for breeding females, rising as high as 66% during the first year of life. An opportunity arose to study in more detail, the causes, levels and factors affecting mortality in a typical pastoral system with the establishment, by the Department of Animal Production in cooperation with the Ministry of Livestock Development, the European Economic Community, the German Research Foundation and the German Agency for Technical cooperation, of a research station in a pastoral area near Isiolo.
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| 447 | 1986 | Milk Yield And The Lactation Curve In A Herd Of East Africa Goats On Semi-arid Thornbush Savannah
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| 448 | 1986 | Nodulation Survey Of Nitrogen Fixing Tre Es In Kenya
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| 449 | 1986 | Plant Poisoning In Cattle In Kenya
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| 450 | 1986 | Poorly Constructed Zero Grazing Units A Possible Constraint To Optimal Production In Dairy Cattle.
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| 451 | 1986 | Poorly Constructed Zero Grazing Units A Possible Constraint To Optimal Production In Dairy Cattle.
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| 452 | 1986 | The Prospects Of Utilizing Urea Treated Maize Stover By Smallholders In Kenya – What Other Feed Alternatives. Paper Presented At The ARNAB Workshop On Utilization Of Agriculture By - Products As Livestock Feeds In Afr Ica
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| 453 | 1986 | Salmonellosis In Poultry: The Disease, Its Diagnosis And Prevention.
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| 454 | 1986 | Ultrastructural Studies Of Eimeria Apsheronica In Goats
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| 455 | 1986 | Urea Poisoning In A Herd Of Pedigree Jerseys The Cost Of Carelessness
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| 456 | 1986 | Co-operative Development In Kenya: A Bibliography
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| 457 | 1986 | Determinants Of Plasma Potassium Levels In Diabetic Ketoacidosis
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The classic proposal of intracellular K+ for extracellular H+ exchange as responsible for the hyperkalemia of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) has been questioned because experimentally induced organic anion acidosis fails to produce hyperkalemia. It has been suggested, instead, that the elevated serum [K+] of DKA might be the result of the compromised renal function, secondary to volume depletion, that usually accompanies DKA. However, several metabolic derangements other than volume depletion and acidosis, which are known to alter potassium metabolism, also develop in DKA. This study of 142 admissions for DKA examines the possible role of alterations in plasma pH, bicarbonate, glucose (G), osmolality, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and plasma anion gap (AG) on the levels of [K+]p on admission. Significant (p less than 0.01) correlations of [K+]p with each of these parameters were found that could individually account for 8 to 15 percent of the observed variance in the plasma potassium levels; however, the effects of some or all of these parameters on the [K+]p could be independent and therefore physiologically additive. Since the parameters under study are themselves interrelated, having statistically significant correlations with each other, their possible independent role on [K+]p was evaluated by multiple regression analysis. Only plasma pH, glucose and AG emerged as having a definite independent effect on [K+]p, with no independent role found for bicarbonate, BUN and osmolality. The equation that best describes [K+]p on admission for DKA was: [K+]p = 25.4 - 3.02 pH + 0.001 G + 0.028 AG, (r = 0.515). These results indicate that the endogenous ketoacidemia and hyperglycemia observed in DKA, which result primarily from insulin deficit, are the main determinants of increased [K+]p. Since exogenous ketoacidemia and hyperglycemia in the otherwise normal experimental animal do not increase [K+]p, it is postulated that insulin deficit itself may be the major initiating cause of the hyperkalemia that develops in DKA. Renal dysfunction by enhancing hyperglycemia and reducing potassium excretion also contributes to hyperkalemia.
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| 458 | 1986 | Bicarbonate Therapy In Severe Diabetic Ketoacidosis
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Twenty-one adult patients with severe diabetic ketoacidosis entered a randomized prospective protocol in which variable doses of sodium bicarbonate, based on initial arterial pH (6.9 to 7.14), were administered to 10 patients (treatment group) and were withheld from 11 patients (control group). During treatment, there were no significant differences in the rate of decline of glucose or ketone levels or in the rate of increase in pH or bicarbonate levels in the blood or cerebrospinal fluid in either group. Similarly, there were no significant differences in the time required for the plasma glucose level to reach 250 mg/dL, blood pH to reach 7.3, or bicarbonate level to reach 15 meq/L. We conclude that in severe diabetic ketoacidosis (arterial pH 6.9 to 7.14), the administration of bicarbonate does not affect recovery outcome variables as compared with those in a control group.
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| 459 | 1986 | Acetone Metabolism In Humans During Diabetic Ketoacidosis
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Plasma acetone turnover rates were measured with the primed continuous infusion of 2-[14C]acetone in patients with moderate to severe diabetic ketoacidosis. Plasma acetone turnover rates ranged from 1.52 to 15.9 mumol X kg-1 X min-1 (108-1038 mumol X 1.73 m-2 X min-1) and were directly related to the plasma acetone concentrations that ranged from 0.47 to 7.61 mM. The average acetone turnover rate was 6.45 mumol X kg-1 X min-1 (533 mumol X 1.73 m-2 X min-1), a value twice that obtained in a similar group of diabetic ketoacidotic patients via the single-injection technique of 2-[14C]acetone administration. Degradation of urine glucose revealed that 14C from administered 2-[14C )acetone was principally located in carbons 1, 2, 5, and 6 of the glucose molecule in five of six patients. This distribution is similar to that expected from 2-[14C]pyruvate, suggesting that acetone was converted to glucose through pyruvate. In one patient, label was located predominantly in glucose carbons 3 and 4, indicating that acetone metabolism may be different in some patients. Acetol (1-hydroxyacetone) and 1,2-propanediol (PPD), two possible metabolites of acetone, were detected in plasma of the patients. The concentrations of Acetol ranged from 0 to 0.48 mM and of PPD ranged from 0 to 0.53 mM. The concentrations of each metabolite were directly related to the plasma acetone concentrations. During the continuous infusion of 2-[14C]acetone, the specific activities of plasma glucose and PPD rose continuously but did not reach constant values. Estimates of the minimal percent plasma glucose and PPD derived from plasma acetone averaged 2.1 and 74%, respectively.
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